RESEARCH ARTICLE

Application of phase-conjugate beams in beam correction and underwater optical wireless communication subject to surface wave turbulence

  • Qi Li , 1 ,
  • Xiuhua Yuan 1 ,
  • Feng Zhou 1,2 ,
  • Zeyu Zhou 1 ,
  • Wujie Liu 1
Expand
  • 1. School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Hunan Province On Information Photonics and Freespace Optical Communications, School of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China

Received date: 01 Apr 2022

Accepted date: 24 May 2022

Published date: 15 Sep 2022

Copyright

2022 The Author(s) 2022

Abstract

Water surface wave turbulence is one of the factors affecting the performances of underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) systems. In our research, a phase-conjugate beam was used to correct the beam distortion and enhance the communication performances when a system is subject to surface wave turbulence. The phase-conjugate beam was generated by a phase-conjugate mirror (PCM), and a turbulence generator was used to generate surface wave turbulence in the experiment. We calculated the beam centroid distribution and the results showed that the phase-conjugate beam had a better propagation performance than the distorted beam at the different water depths. The root mean square (RMS) of the beam centroid for the phase-conjugate beam was 11 times less than that for the distorted beam, which meant that the phase-conjugate beam could effectively correct the beam drift. We further investigated the scintillation index and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); the results showed that the phase-conjugate beam was able to reduce the scintillation and an obvious improvement in SNR could be obtained. This research has the potential to be applied in UWC.

Cite this article

Qi Li , Xiuhua Yuan , Feng Zhou , Zeyu Zhou , Wujie Liu . Application of phase-conjugate beams in beam correction and underwater optical wireless communication subject to surface wave turbulence[J]. Frontiers of Optoelectronics, 2022 , 15(3) : 37 . DOI: 10.1007/s12200-022-00039-y

1
Zeng, Z., Fu, S., Zhang, H., Dong, Y., Cheng, J.: A survey of underwater optical wireless communications. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 19(1), 204–238 (2017)

DOI

2
Karp, S., Gagliardi, R.M., Moran, S.E., Stotts, L.: Optical Channels. Springer, USA (1988)

DOI

3
Chao, F., Zhang, J., Zhang, G., Wu, Y., Hong, X., He, S.: Demonstration of 15-M 7.33-Gb/s 450-nm underwater wireless optical discrete multitone transmission using post nonlinear equalization. J. Lightwave Technol. 36(3), 728–734 (2018)

DOI

4
Farr, N., Chave, A., Freitag, L., Preisig, J., White, S.N., Yoerger, D., Sonnichsen, F.: Optical modem technology for seafloor observatories. In: Proceedings of MTS/IEEE. OCEANS (2006)

DOI

5
Duntley, S.Q.: Light in the sea. J. Soc. Am. A 53, 214–233 (1963)

DOI

6
Shen, C., Guo, Y., Sun, X., Liu, G., Ho, K., Ng, T.K., Alouini, M., Ooi. B.S.: Going beyond 10-meter, Gbit/s underwater optical wireless communication links based on visible lasers. In: Proceedings of Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC) and Photonics Global Conference (PGC), pp. 1–3 (2017)

DOI

7
Liu, X., Yi, S., Zhou, X., Fang, Z., Qiu, Z.-J., Hu, L., Cong, C., Zheng, L., Liu, R., Tian, P.: 34.5 m underwater optical wireless communication with 2.70 Gbps data rate based on a green laser diode with NRZ-OOK modulation. Opt. Express 25, 27937–27947 (2017)

DOI

8
Hu, S., Mi, L., Zhou, T., Chen, W.: 35.88 attenuation lengths and 3.32 bits/photon underwater optical wireless communication based on photon-counting receiver with 256-PPM. Opt. Express 26, 21685–21699 (2018)

DOI

9
Hanson, F., Radic, S.: High bandwidth underwater optical communication. Appl. Opt. 47(2), 277 (2008)

DOI

10
Snow, J.B., Flatley, J.P., Freeman, D.E., Landry, M., Lindstrom, C., Longacre, J., Schwartz, J.: Underwater propagation of high-datarate laser communications pulses. In: Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, pp. 1750 (1992)

DOI

11
Zakharov, V.E., Lvov, V.S., Falkovich, G.: Kolmogorov Spectra of Turbulence I. Kolmogorov Spectra of Turbulence 1. Wave Turbulence, pp. 275. Springer, Berlin (1992)

DOI

12
Aubourg, Q., Campagne, A., Peureux, C., Ardhuin, F., Sommeria, J., Viboud, S., Mordant, N.: 3-wave and 4-wave interactions in gravity wave turbulence. Phys. Rev. Fluids 2(11), e3 (2017)

DOI

13
Nazarenko, S.: Wave turbulence. In: Lecture Notes in Physics. Springer, Berlin (2011)

DOI

14
Elamassie, M., Miramirkhani, F., Uysal, M.: Performance characterization of underwater visible light communication. IEEE Trans. Commun. 67(1), 543–552 (2019)

DOI

15
Jamali, M.V., Salehi, J.A., Akhoundi, F.: Performance studies of underwater wireless optical communication systems with spatial diversity: MIMO Scheme. IEEE Trans. Commun. 65(3), 1176–1192 (2017)

DOI

16
Anous, N., Abdallah, M.M., Qaraqe, K.: Performance evaluation for vertical inhomogeneous underwater visible light communications. In: Proceedings of IEEE 86th Vehicular Technology Conference: VTC2017-Fall (2017)

DOI

17
Li, J., Yuan, X.H., Luo, J., Li, S.: The centroid drift of laser spots with water surface wave turbulence in underwater optical wireless communication. Appl. Opt. 59(20), 6210–6217 (2020)

DOI

18
Boyd, R.W.: Nonlinear Optics. Academic Press, New York (2020)

19
Reiner, G., Belić, M.R., Meystre, P.: Optical turbulence in phaseconjugate resonators. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 5(5), 1193–1209 (1988)

DOI

20
Egami, C., Nakagawa, K., Fujiwara, H.: Efficient optical phase conjugation in methyl-orange-doped polyvinyl alcohol film. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 31(9), 2937–2940 (2014)

DOI

21
Nalwa, H.S., Miyata, S.: Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers. CRC Press, New York (1996)

DOI

22
Chen, N.: Phase-conjugated distortion by degenerate four-wave mixing. Opt. Commun. 59(1), 69–71 (1986)

DOI

23
Aithal, S., Aithal, P.S., Bhat, G.: Comparative study on Azo dyedoped polymer films for optical phase conjugation. Int. J. Sci. Res. 4(4), 436–441 (2015)

Outlines

/