Recent progress of fiber-based transistors: materials, structures and applications

Abstract

Wearable electronics on fibers or fabrics assembled with electronic functions provide a platform for sensors, displays, circuitry, and computation. These new conceptual devices are human-friendly and programmable, which makes them indispensable for modern electronics. Their unique properties such as being adaptable in daily life, as well as being lightweight and flexible, have enabled many promising applications in robotics, healthcare, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Transistors, one of the fundamental blocks in electronic systems, allow for signal processing and computing. Therefore, study leading to integration of transistors with fabrics has become intensive. Here, several aspects of fiber-based transistors are addressed, including materials, system structures, and their functional devices such as sensory, logical circuitry, memory devices as well as neuromorphic computation. Recently reported advances in development and challenges to realizing fully integrated electronic textile (e-textile) systems are also discussed.

Key words： Electronic textile (e-textile); Fiber-based transistor; Logic computation; Sensing; Fiber-based memory device

References

1 Yan, W. , Page, A. , Nguyen-Dang, T. , Qu, Y. , Sordo, F. , Wei, L. , Sorin, F. : Advanced multimaterial electronic and optoelectronic fibers and textiles. Adv. Mater. 31 (1), e1802348 (2019)

2 Loke, G. , Yan, W. , Khudiyev, T. , Noel, G. , Fink, Y. : Recent progress and perspectives of thermally drawn multimaterial fiber electronics. Adv. Mater. 32 (1), e1904911 (2020)

3 Shi, J. , Liu, S. , Zhang, L. , Yang, B. , Shu, L. , Yang, Y. , Ren, M. , Wang, Y. , Chen, J. , Chen, W. , Chai, Y. , Tao, X. : Smart textileintegrated microelectronic systems for wearable applications. Adv. Mater. 32 (5), e1901958 (2020)

4 Lima, N. , Baptista, A.C. , Faustino, B.M.M. , Taborda, S. , Marques, A. , Ferreira, I. : Carbon threads sweat-based supercapacitors for electronic textiles. Sci. Rep. 10 (1), 7703 (2020)

5 Heo, J.S. , Eom, J. , Kim, Y.H. , Park, S.K. : Recent progress of textile-based wearable electronics: a comprehensive review of materials, devices, and applications. Small 14 (3), 1703034 (2018)

6 Liu, S. , Ma, K. , Yang, B. , Li, H. , Tao, X. : Textile electronics for VR/AR applications. Adv. Fun. Mater. (2020)

7 Horii, T. , Li, Y. , Mori, Y. , Okuzaki, H. : Correlation between the hierarchical structure and electrical conductivity of PEDOT/PSS. Polym. J. 47 (10), 695- 699 (2015)

8 Huang, Y. , Li, H. , Wang, Z. , Zhu, M. , Pei, Z. , Xue, Q. , Huang, Y. , Zhi, C. : Nanostructured Polypyrrole as a flexible electrode material of supercapacitor. Nano Energy 22, 422- 438 (2016)

9 Yamamoto, J. , Furukawa, Y. : Raman study of the interaction between regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and transition-metal oxides MoO₃, V₂O₅, and WO₃ in polymer solar cells. Chem. Phys. Lett. 644, 267- 270 (2016)

10 Giubileo, F. , Di Bartolomeo, A. , Iemmo, L. , Luongo, G. , Urban, F. : Field emission from carbon nanostructures. Appl. Sci. (Basel, Switzerland) 8 (4), 526 (2018)

11 Tadyszak, K. , Wychowaniec, J.K. , Litowczenko, J. : Biomedical applications of graphene-based structures. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) 8 (11), 944 (2018)

12 An, T. , Gong, S. , Ling, Y. , Dong, D. , Zhao, Y. , Cheng, W. : Dynamically functioning and highly stretchable epidermal supercapacitor based on vertically aligned gold nanowire skins. EcoMat 2 (2), e12022 (2020)

13 Xu, F. , Zhu, Y. : Highly conductive and stretchable silver nanowire conductors. Adv. Mater. 24 (37), 5117- 5122 (2012)

14 Wang, B. , Thukral, A. , Xie, Z. , Liu, L. , Zhang, X. , Huang, W. , Yu, X. , Yu, C. , Marks, T.J. , Facchetti, A. : Flexible and stretchable metal oxide nanofiber networks for multimodal and monolithically integrated wearable electronics. Nat. Commun. 11 (1), 2405 (2020)

15 Tang, N. , Zhou, C. , Qu, D. , Fang, Y. , Zheng, Y. , Hu, W. , Jin, K. , Wu, W. , Duan, X. , Haick, H. : A highly aligned nanowirebased strain sensor for ultrasensitive monitoring of subtle human motion. Small 16 (24), e2001363 (2020)

16 Heo, J.S. , Kim, T. , Ban, S.G. , Kim, D. , Lee, J.H. , Jur, J.S. , Kim, M.G. , Kim, Y.H. , Hong, Y. , Park, S.K. : Thread-like CMOS logic circuits enabled by reel-processed single-walled carbon nanotube transistors via selective doping. Adv. Mater. 29 (31), 1701822 (2017)

17 Yan, K. , Chen, B. , Hu, H. , Chen, S. , Dong, B. , Gao, X. , Xiao, X. , Zhou, J. , Zou, D. : First fiber-shaped non-volatile memory device based on hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite. Adv. Elect. Mater. 2 (8), 1600160 (2016)

18 Ryan, J.D. , Mengistie, D.A. , Gabrielsson, R. , Lund, A. , Müller, C. : Machine-washable PEDOT:PSS dyed silk yarns for electronic textiles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 9 (10), 9045- 9050 (2017)

19 Holliday, S. , Ashraf, R.S. , Wadsworth, A. , Baran, D. , Yousaf, S.A. , Nielsen, C.B. , Tan, C.H. , Dimitrov, S.D. , Shang, Z. , Gasparini, N. , Alamoudi, M. , Laquai, F. , Brabec, C.J. , Salleo, A. , Durrant, J.R. , McCulloch, I. : High-efficiency and air-stable P3HT-based polymer solar cells with a new non-fullerene acceptor. Nat. Commun. 7 (1), 11585 (2016)

20 Bulumulla, C. , Gunawardhana, R. , Gamage, P.L. , Miller, J.T. , Kularatne, R.N. , Biewer, M.C. , Stefan, M.C. : Pyrrole-containing semiconducting materials: synthesis and applications in organic photovoltaics and organic field-effect transistors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 12 (29), 32209- 32232 (2020)

21 Stenger-Smith, J.D. : Intrinsically electrically conducting polymers. Synthesis, characterization, and their applications. Prog. Polymer Sci. 23 (1), 57- 79 (1998)

22 Nalwa, H.S. : Handbook of nanostructured materials and nanotechnology, Synthesis and Processing, vol. 1. Academic Press, San Diego (2000)

23 Cao, Q. , Tersoff, J. , Farmer, D.B. , Zhu, Y. , Han, S.J. : Carbon nanotube transistors scaled to a 40-nanometer footprint. Science 356 (6345), 1369- 1372 (2017)

24 Shin, S.H. , Ji, S. , Choi, S. , Pyo, K.H. , Wan An, B. , Park, J. , Kim, J. , Kim, J.Y. , Lee, K.S. , Kwon, S.Y. , Heo, J. , Park, B.G. , Park, J.U. : Integrated arrays of air-dielectric graphene transistors as transparent active-matrix pressure sensors for wide pressure ranges. Nat. Commun. 8 (1), 14950 (2017)

25 Piccinini, E. , Bliem, C. , Reiner-Rozman, C. , Battaglini, F. , Azzaroni, O. , Knoll, W. : Enzyme-polyelectrolyte multilayer assemblies on reduced graphene oxide field-effect transistors for biosensing applications. Biosens. Bioelectron. 92, 661- 667 (2017)

26 Nasir, A.M. , Goh, P.S. , Ismail, A.F. : Chapter 3 -Synthesis Route for the Fabrication of Nanocomposite Membranes. In: Sadrzadeh, M., Mohammadi, T. (eds.) Nanocomposite Membranes for Water and Gas Separation, pp. 69-89. Elsevier, Oxford (2020)

27 Yang, S.Y. , Wang, Y.F. , Yue, Y. , Bian, S.W. : Flexible polyester yarn/Au/conductive metal-organic framework composites for yarn-shaped supercapacitors. J. Electroanal. Chem. 847, 113218 (2019)

28 Zeng, W. , Shu, L. , Li, Q. , Chen, S. , Wang, F. , Tao, X.M. : Fiberbased wearable electronics: a review of materials, fabrication, devices, and applications. Adv. Mater. 26 (31), 5310- 5336 (2014)

29 Yoo, T.H. , Sang, B.I. , Hwang, D.K. : One-dimensional InGaZnO field-effect transistor on a polyimide wire substrate for an electronic textile. J. Korean Phys. Soc. 68 (4), 599- 603 (2016)

30 Park, C.J. , Heo, J.S. , Kim, K.T. , Yi, G. , Kang, J. , Park, J.S. , Kim, Y.H. , Park, S.K. : 1-Dimensional fiber-based field-effect transistors made by low-temperature photochemically activated sol-gel metal-oxide materials for electronic textiles. RSC Adv. 6 (22), 18596- 18600 (2016)

31 Park, J.W. , Kwon, S. , Kwon, J.H. , Kim, C.Y. , Choi, K.C. : Lowleakage fiber-based field-effect transistors with an Al₂O₃-MgO nanolaminate as gate insulator. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 1 (8), 1400- 1407 (2019)

32 Zhu, H. , Liu, A. , Liu, G. , Shan, F. : Electrospun p-type CuO nanofibers for low-voltage field-effect transistors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 111 (14), 143501 (2017)

33 Choi, S.H. , Jang, B.H. , Park, J.S. , Demadrille, R. , Tuller, H.L. , Kim, I.D. : Low voltage operating field effect transistors with composite In₂O₃-ZnO-ZnGa₂O₄ nanofiber network as active channel layer. ACS Nano 8 (3), 2318- 2327 (2014)

34 Kim, H.M. , Kang, H.W. , Hwang, D.K. , Lim, H.S. , Ju, B.K. , Lim, J.A. : Metal-insulator-semiconductor coaxial microfibers based on self-organization of organic semiconductor:polymer blend for weavable, fibriform organic field-effect transistors. Adv. Func. Mater. 26 (16), 2706- 2714 (2016)

35 Hamedi, M. , Forchheimer, R. , Inganäs, O. : Towards woven logic from organic electronic fibres. Nat. Mater. 6 (5), 357- 362 (2007)

36 Yang, A. , Li, Y. , Yang, C. , Fu, Y. , Wang, N. , Li, L. , Yan, F. : Fabric organic electrochemical transistors for biosensors. Adv. Mater. 30 (23), e1800051 (2018)

37 Yoon, S.S. , Lee, K.E. , Cha, H.J. , Seong, D.G. , Um, M.K. , Byun, J.H. , Oh, Y. , Oh, J.H. , Lee, W. , Lee, J.U. : Highly conductive graphene/Ag hybrid fibers for flexible fiber-type transistors. Sci. Rep. 5 (1), 16366 (2015)

38 Lee, W. , Kim, Y. , Lee, M.Y. , Oh, J.H. , Lee, J.U. : Highly stretchable fiber transistors with all-stretchable electronic components and graphene hybrid electrodes. Org. Electron. 69, 320- 328 (2019)

39 Bonfiglio, A. , De Rossi, D. , Kirstein, T. , Locher, I.R. , Mameli, F. , Paradiso, R. , Vozzi, G. : Organic field effect transistors for textile applications. IEEE Trans. Inf Technol. Biomed. 9 (3), 319- 324 (2005)

40 Lee, Y. , Oh, J.Y. , Kim, T.R. , Gu, X. , Kim, Y. , Wang, G.N. , Wu, H.C. , Pfattner, R. , To, J.W.F. , Katsumata, T. , Son, D. , Kang, J. , Matthews, J.R. , Niu, W. , He, M. , Sinclair, R. , Cui, Y. , Tok, J.B. , Lee, T.W. , Bao, Z. : Deformable organic nanowire field-effect transistors. Adv. Mater. 30 (7), 1704401 (2018)

41 Wang, R. , Zhai, Q. , An, T. , Gong, S. , Cheng, W. : Stretchable gold fiber-based wearable textile electrochemical biosensor for lactate monitoring in sweat. Talanta 222, 121484 (2021)

42 Hamedi, M. , Herlogsson, L. , Crispin, X. , Marcilla, R. , Berggren, M. , Inganäs, O. : Fiber-embedded electrolyte-gated field-effect transistors for e-textiles. Adv. Mater. 21 (5), 573- 577 (2009)

43 Xu, X. , Zhou, X. , Wang, T. , Shi, X. , Liu, Y. , Zuo, Y. , Xu, L. , Wang, M. , Hu, X. , Yang, X. , Chen, J. , Yang, X. , Chen, L. , Chen, P. , Peng, H. : Robust DNA-bridged memristor for textile chips. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 59 (31), 12762- 12768 (2020)

44 Zhang, L. , Andrew, T. : Vapor-coated monofilament fibers for embroidered electrochemical transistor arrays on fabrics. Advanced Electronic Materials 4 (9), 1800271 (2018)

45 Kim, S.J. , Kim, H. , Ahn, J. , Hwang, D.K. , Ju, H. , Park, M.C. , Yang, H. , Kim, S.H. , Jang, H.W. , Lim, J.A. : A new architecture for fibrous organic transistors based on a double-stranded assembly of electrode microfibers for electronic textile applications. Adv. Mater. 31 (23), e1900564 (2019)

46 Wu, X. , Feng, J. , Deng, J. , Cui, Z. , Wang, L. , Xie, S. , Chen, C. , Tang, C. , Han, Z. , Yu, H. , Sun, X. , Peng, H. : Fiber-shaped organic electrochemical transistors for biochemical detections with high sensitivity and stability. SCIENCE CHINA Chem. 63 (9), 1281- 1288 (2020)

47 Kim, J. , Campbell, A.S. , de Ávila, B.E. , Wang, J. : Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Nat. Biotechnol. 37 (4), 389- 406 (2019)

48 Bai, L. , Elósegui, C.G. , Li, W. , Yu, P. , Fei, J. , Mao, L. : Biological applications of organic electrochemical transistors: electrochemical biosensors and electrophysiology recording. Front. Chem. 7, 313 (2019)

49 Wang, Y. , Qing, X. , Zhou, Q. , Zhang, Y. , Liu, Q. , Liu, K. , Wang, W. , Li, M. , Lu, Z. , Chen, Y. , Wang, D. : The woven fiber organic electrochemical transistors based on polypyrrole nanowires/reduced graphene oxide composites for glucose sensing. Biosens. Bioelectron. 95, 138- 145 (2017)

50 Qing, X. , Wang, Y. , Zhang, Y. , Ding, X. , Zhong, W. , Wang, D. , Wang, W. , Liu, Q. , Liu, K. , Li, M. , Lu, Z. : Wearable fiber-based organic electrochemical transistors as a platform for highly sensitive dopamine monitoring. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 11 (14), 13105- 13113 (2019)

51 Gualandi, I. , Marzocchi, M. , Achilli, A. , Cavedale, D. , Bonfiglio, A. , Fraboni, B. : Textile organic electrochemical transistors as a platform for wearable biosensors. Sci. Rep. 6 (1), 33637 (2016)

52 Kim, Y. , Lim, T. , Kim, C.H. , Yeo, C.S. , Seo, K. , Kim, S.M. , Kim, J. , Park, S.Y. , Ju, S. , Yoon, M.H. : Organic electrochemical transistor-based channel dimension-independent single-strand wearable sweat sensors. NPG Asia Materials 10 (11), 1086- 1095 (2018)

53 Zhao, Y. , Zhai, Q. , Dong, D. , An, T. , Gong, S. , Shi, Q. , Cheng, W. : Highly stretchable and strain-insensitive fiber-based wearable electrochemical biosensor to monitor glucose in the sweat. Anal. Chem. 91 (10), 6569- 6576 (2019)

54 Bariya, M. , Nyein, H.Y.Y. , Javey, A. : Wearable sweat sensors. Nature Electronics 1 (3), 160- 171 (2018)

55 Wang, L. , Wang, L. , Zhang, Y. , Pan, J. , Li, S. , Sun, X. , Zhang, B. , Peng, H. : Weaving sensing fibers into electrochemical fabric for real-time health monitoring. Adv. Func. Mater. 28 (42), 1804456 (2018)

56 Coppedè, N. , Giannetto, M. , Villani, M. , Lucchini, V. , Battista, E. , Careri, M. , Zappettini, A. : Ion selective textile organic electrochemical transistor for wearable sweat monitoring. Org. Electron. 78, 105579 (2020)

57 Xu, J. , Zhang, Z. , Gan, S. , Gao, H. , Kong, H. , Song, Z. , Ge, X. , Bao, Y. , Niu, L. : Highly stretchable fiber-based potentiometric ion sensors for multichannel real-time analysis of human sweat. ACS Sensors 5 (9), 2834- 2842 (2020)

58 Li, T. , Qu, M. , Carlos, C. , Gu, L. , Jin, F. , Yuan, T. , Wu, X. , Xiao, J. , Wang, T. , Dong, W. , Wang, X. , Feng, Z.Q. : High-performance poly(vinylidene difluoride)/dopamine core/shell piezoelectric nanofiber and its application for biomedical sensors. Adv. Mater. 33 (3), e2006093 (2021)

59 Wang, Y. , Wang, L. , Yang, T. , Li, X. , Zang, X. , Zhu, M. , Wang, K. , Wu, D. , Zhu, H. : Wearable and highly sensitive graphene strain sensors for human motion monitoring. Adv. Func. Mater. 24 (29), 4666- 4670 (2014)

60 Park, J.J. , Hyun, W.J. , Mun, S.C. , Park, Y.T. , Park, O.O. : Highly stretchable and wearable graphene strain sensors with controllable sensitivity for human motion monitoring. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7 (11), 6317- 6324 (2015)

61 Liu, W. , Huang, Y. , Peng, Y. , Walczak, M. , Wang, D. , Chen, Q. , Liu, Z. , Li, L. : Stable wearable strain sensors on textiles by direct laser writing of graphene. ACS Applied Nano Materials 3 (1), 283- 293 (2020)

62 Chen, J. , Wen, H. , Zhang, G. , Lei, F. , Feng, Q. , Liu, Y. , Cao, X. , Dong, H. : Multifunctional conductive hydrogel/thermochromic elastomer hybrid fibers with a core-shell segmental configuration for wearable strain and temperature sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 12 (6), 7565- 7574 (2020)

63 Tang, Z. , Jia, S. , Wang, F. , Bian, C. , Chen, Y. , Wang, Y. , Li, B. : Highly stretchable core-sheath fibers via wet-spinning for wearable strain sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 10 (7), 6624- 6635 (2018)

64 Li, G. , Dai, K. , Ren, M. , Wang, Y. , Zheng, G. , Liu, C. , Shen, C. : Aligned flexible conductive fibrous networks for highly sensitive, ultrastretchable and wearable strain sensors. J. Mater. Chem. C. 6 (24), 6575- 6583 (2018)

65 Zhang, M. , Wang, C. , Wang, Q. , Jian, M. , Zhang, Y. : Sheath-core graphite/silk fiber made by dry-meyer-rod-coating for wearable strain sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 8 (32), 20894- 20899 (2016)

66 Wang, L. , Chen, Y. , Lin, L. , Wang, H. , Huang, X. , Xue, H. , Gao, J. : Highly stretchable, anti-corrosive and wearable strain sensors based on the PDMS/CNTs decorated elastomer nanofiber composite. Chem. Eng. J. 362, 89- 98 (2019)

67 Zhang, S. , Wen, L. , Wang, H. , Zhu, K. , Zhang, M. : Vertical CNT-Ecoflex nanofins for highly linear broad-range-detection wearable strain sensors. J. Mater. Chem. C 6 (19), 5132- 5139 (2018)

68 Cao, M. , Wang, M. , Li, L. , Qiu, H. , Padhiar, M.A. , Yang, Z. : Wearable rGO-Ag NW@cotton fiber piezoresistive sensor based on the fast charge transport channel provided by Ag nanowire. Nano Energy 50, 528- 535 (2018)

69 Zhang, M. , Wang, C. , Wang, H. , Jian, M. , Hao, X. , Zhang, Y. : Carbonized cotton fabric for high-performance wearable strain sensors. Adv. Func. Mater. 27 (2), 1604795 (2017)

70 Cheng, Y. , Wang, R. , Sun, J. , Gao, L. : A stretchable and highly sensitive graphene-based fiber for sensing tensile strain, bending, and torsion. Adv. Mater. 27 (45), 7365- 7371 (2015)

71 Seyedin, S. , Uzun, S. , Levitt, A. , Anasori, B. , Dion, G. , Gogotsi, Y. , Razal, J.M. : MXene composite and coaxial fibers with high stretchability and conductivity for wearable strain sensing textiles. Adv. Func. Mater. 30 (12), 1910504 (2020)

72 Zahid, M. , Papadopoulou, E.L. , Athanassiou, A. , Bayer, I.S. : Strain-responsive mercerized conductive cotton fabrics based on PEDOT:PSS/graphene. Mater. Des. 135, 213- 222 (2017)

73 Yang, Z. , Wang, D.Y. , Pang, Y. , Li, Y.X. , Wang, Q. , Zhang, T.Y. , Wang, J.B. , Liu, X. , Yang, Y.Y. , Jian, J.M. , Jian, M.Q. , Zhang, Y.Y. , Yang, Y. , Ren, T.L. : Simultaneously detecting subtle and intensive human motions based on a silver nanoparticles bridged graphene strain sensor. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 10 (4), 3948- 3954 (2018)

74 Liao, X. , Liao, Q. , Zhang, Z. , Yan, X. , Liang, Q. , Wang, Q. , Li, M. , Zhang, Y. : A highly stretchable ZnO@fiber-based multifunctional nanosensor for strain/temperature/UV detection. Adv. Func. Mater. 26 (18), 3074- 3081 (2016)

75 Lee, J. , Shin, S. , Lee, S. , Song, J. , Kang, S. , Han, H. , Kim, S. , Kim, S. , Seo, J. , Kim, D. , Lee, T. : Highly sensitive multifilament fiber strain sensors with ultrabroad sensing range for textile electronics. ACS Nano 12 (5), 4259- 4268 (2018)

76 Ma, Y. , Ouyang, J. , Raza, T. , Li, P. , Jian, A. , Li, Z. , Liu, H. , Chen, M. , Zhang, X. , Qu, L. , Tian, M. , Tao, G. : Flexible all-textile dual tactile-tension sensors for monitoring athletic motion during taekwondo. Nano Energy 85, 105941 (2021)

77 Chen, Z. , Yu, W. , Du, Z. : Study of electrothermal properties of silver nanowire/polydopamine/cotton-based nanocomposites. Cellulose (London, England) 26 (10), 5995- 6007 (2019)

78 Carey, T. , Cacovich, S. , Divitini, G. , Ren, J. , Mansouri, A. , Kim, J.M. , Wang, C. , Ducati, C. , Sordan, R. , Torrisi, F. : Fully inkjetprinted two-dimensional material field-effect heterojunctions for wearable and textile electronics. Nat. Commun. 8 (1), 1202 (2017)

79 Bae, H. , Jang, B.C. , Park, H. , Jung, S.H. , Lee, H.M. , Park, J.Y. , Jeon, S.B. , Son, G. , Tcho, I.W. , Yu, K. , Im, S.G. , Choi, S.Y. , Choi, Y.K. : Functional circuitry on commercial fabric via textilecompatible nanoscale film coating process for fibertronics. Nano Lett. 17 (10), 6443- 6452 (2017)

80 Heo, J.S. , Kim, K.T. , Ban, S.G. , Kim, Y.J. , Kim, D. , Kim, T. , Hong, Y. , Kim, I.S. , Park, S.K. : Stable logic operation of fiber-based single-walled carbon nanotube transistor circuits toward thread-like CMOS circuitry. Materials (Basel) 11 (10), E1878 (2018)

81 Strukov, D.B. , Snider, G.S. , Stewart, D.R. , Williams, R.S. : The missing memristor found. Nature 453 (7191), 80- 83 (2008)

82 Peng, H. : Fiber Memristors. In: Peng, H. (ed.) Fiber Electronics, pp. 327-347. Springer, Singapore (2020)

83 Kang, M. , Lee, S.A. , Jang, S. , Hwang, S. , Lee, S.K. , Bae, S. , Hong, J.M. , Lee, S.H. , Jeong, K.U. , Lim, J.A. , Kim, T.W. : Low-voltage organic transistor memory fiber with a nanograined organic ferroelectric film. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 11 (25), 22575- 22582 (2019)

84 Sun, Y. , Chen, H. , Yin, H. , Sun, B. , Gu, B. , Zhang, W. : A flexible, high-strength, conductive shape memory composite fabric based on continuous carbon fiber/polyurethane yarn. Smart Mater. Struct. 29 (8), 085044 (2020)

85 Sun, G. , Liu, J. , Zheng, L. , Huang, W. , Zhang, H. : Preparation of weavable, all-carbon fibers for non-volatile memory devices. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 52 (50), 13351- 13355 (2013)

86 Kuzum, D. , Yu, S. , Wong, H.S. : Synaptic electronics: materials, devices and applications. Nanotechnology 24 (38), 382001 (2013)

87 Wang, Z. , Joshi, S. , Savelev, S.E. , Jiang, H. , Midya, R. , Lin, P. , Hu, M. , Ge, N. , Strachan, J.P. , Li, Z. , Wu, Q. , Barnell, M. , Li, G.L. , Xin, H.L. , Williams, R.S. , Xia, Q. , Yang, J.J. : Memristors with diffusive dynamics as synaptic emulators for neuromorphic computing. Nat. Mater. 16 (1), 101- 108 (2017)

88 van de Burgt, Y. , Melianas, A. , Keene, S.T. , Malliaras, G. , Salleo, A. : Organic electronics for neuromorphic computing. Nature Electronics 1 (7), 386- 397 (2018)

89 Zeng, F. , Guo, Y. , Hu, W. , Tan, Y. , Zhang, X. , Feng, J. , Tang, X. : Opportunity of the lead-free all-inorganic Cs₃Cu₂I₅ perovskite film for memristor and neuromorphic computing applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 12 (20), 23094- 23101 (2020)

90 Fuller, E.J. , Gabaly, F.E. , Léonard, F. , Agarwal, S. , Plimpton, S.J. , Jacobs-Gedrim, R.B. , James, C.D. , Marinella, M.J. , Talin, A.A. : Li-ion synaptic transistor for low power analog computing. Adv. Mater. 29 (4), 1604310 (2017)

91 Lai, Q. , Zhang, L. , Li, Z. , Stickle, W.F. , Williams, R.S. , Chen, Y. : Ionic/electronic hybrid materials integrated in a synaptic transistor with signal processing and learning functions. Adv. Mater. 22 (22), 2448- 2453 (2010)

92 Huang, H.Y. , Ge, C. , Zhang, Q.H. , Liu, C.X. , Du, J.Y. , Li, J.K. , Wang, C. , Gu, L. , Yang, G.Z. , Jin, K.J. : Electrolyte-gated synaptic transistor with oxygen ions. Adv. Func. Mater. 29 (29), 1902702 (2019)

93 Molina-Lopez, F. , Gao, T.Z. , Kraft, U. , Zhu, C. , Öhlund, T. , Pfattner, R. , Feig, V.R. , Kim, Y. , Wang, S. , Yun, Y. , Bao, Z. : Inkjet-printed stretchable and low voltage synaptic transistor array. Nat. Commun. 10 (1), 2676 (2019)

94 Ham, S. , Kang, M. , Jang, S. , Jang, J. , Choi, S. , Kim, T.W. , Wang, G. : One-dimensional organic artificial multi-synapses enabling electronic textile neural network for wearable neuromorphic applications. Sci. Adv. (2020)

95 Shim, H. , Sim, K. , Ershad, F. , Yang, P. , Thukral, A. , Rao, Z. , Kim, H.J. , Liu, Y. , Wang, X. , Gu, G. , Gao, L. , Wang, X. , Chai, Y. , Yu, C. : Stretchable elastic synaptic transistors for neurologically integrated soft engineering systems. Sci. Adv. (2019)

96 Liu, D. , Shi, Q. , Dai, S. , Huang, J. : The design of 3D-interface architecture in an ultralow-power, electrospun single-fiber synaptic transistor for neuromorphic computing. Small 16 (13), e1907472 (2020)

97 Yu, S. , Gao, B. , Fang, Z. , Yu, H. , Kang, J. , Wong, H.S. : A low energy oxide-based electronic synaptic device for neuromorphic visual systems with tolerance to device variation. Adv. Mater. 25 (12), 1774- 1779 (2013)

98 van de Burgt, Y. , Lubberman, E. , Fuller, E.J. , Keene, S.T. , Faria, G.C. , Agarwal, S. , Marinella, M.J. , Alec Talin, A. , Salleo, A. : A non-volatile organic electrochemical device as a low-voltage artificial synapse for neuromorphic computing. Nat. Mater. 16 (4), 414- 418 (2017)

99 Chen, M. , Wang, Z. , Zhang, Q. , Wang, Z. , Liu, W. , Chen, M. , Wei, L. : Self-powered multifunctional sensing based on superelastic fibers by soluble-core thermal drawing. Nat. Commun. 12 (1), 1416 (2021)

100 Zhang, Q. , Man, P. , He, B. , Li, C. , Li, Q. , Pan, Z. , Wang, Z. , Yang, J. , Wang, Z. , Zhou, Z. , Lu, X. , Niu, Z. , Yao, Y. , Wei, L. : Binder-free NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ anodes for high-performance coaxialfiber aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. Nano Energy 67, 104212 (2020)

101 Wang, Z. , Wu, T. , Wang, Z. , Zhang, T. , Chen, M. , Zhang, J. , Liu, L. , Qi, M. , Zhang, Q. , Yang, J. , Liu, W. , Chen, H. , Luo, Y. , Wei, L. : Designer patterned functional fibers via direct imprinting in thermal drawing. Nat. Commun. 11 (1), 3842 (2020)