Dimensionality engineering of metal halide perovskites

Abstract

Metal halide perovskites are a class of materials that are ideal for photodetectors and solar cells due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. Their low-cost and low temperature synthesis have made them attractive for extensive research aimed at revolutionizing the semiconductor industry. The rich chemistry of metal halide perovskites allows compositional engineering resulting in facile tuning of the desired optoelectronic properties. Moreover, using different experimental synthesis and deposition techniques such as solution processing, chemical vapor deposition and hot-injection methods, the dimensionality of the perovskites can be altered from 3D to 0D, each structure opening a new realm of applications due to their unique properties. Dimensionality engineering includes both morphological engineering–reducing the thickness of 3D perovskite into atomically thin films–and molecular engineering–incorporating long-chain organic cations into the perovskite mixture and changing the composition at the molecular level. The optoelectronic properties of the perovskite structure including its band gap, binding energy and carrier mobility depend on both its composition and dimensionality. The plethora of different photodetectors and solar cells that have been made with different compositions and dimensions of perovskite will be reviewed here. We will conclude our review by discussing the kinetics and dynamics of different dimensionalities, their inherent stability and toxicity issues, and how reaching similar performance to 3D in lower dimensionalities and their large-scale deployment can be achieved.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

optoelectronics / solar cells / perovskite / photodetectors / metal halides / dimensionality

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada through the Discovery Grant Program, the support of Canada Foundation for Innovation through John R. Evans Leaders Fund, the support through New Frontier in Research Fund, Dr. Robert Gillespie through the Dr Robert Gillespie graduate Scholarship, and the Pengrowth–Nova Scotia Energy through the Pengrowth Energy Innovation Grant. The authors acknowledge the support of Dean Grijm, Mark Leblanc and Greg Everett in completing this project.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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