Structure formation dynamics in drawing silica photonic crystal fibres

Abstract

The special features of photonic crystal fibres (PCFs) are achieved by their air hole structures. PCF structure is determined and formed by its origin preform design and drawing process. Therefore, structure formation dynamics in drawing PCF is important for the fabrication of PCF achieving desirable structure and thus the intended feature. This paper will investigate structure formation dynamics of PCF drawing in relation to key parameters and conditions, such as hole dimension, temperature, pressure, etc.

Keywords

photonic crystal fibre (PCF) / structure formation / hole dimension / hole position / hole shift

References

[1] Buczynski R. Photonic crystal fibers. Acta Physica Polonica A, 2004, 106(2): 141–167

[2] Birks T A, Knight J C, Russell P S J. Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber. Optics Letters, 1997, 22(13): 961–963

[3] Stone J M. Photonic crystal fibres and their applications in the nonlinear regime. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Bath: University of Bath, 2009

[4] Michie A, Canning J, Lyytikäinen K, Aslund M, Digweed J. Temperature independent highly birefringent photonic crystal fibre. Optics Express, 2004, 12(21): 5160–5165

[5] Wadsworth W, Percival R, Bouwmans G, Knight J, Russell P. High power air-clad photonic crystal fibre laser. Optics Express, 2003, 11(1): 48–53

[6] Cook K, Canning J, Holdsworth J, Dewhurst C. Stable CW single-mode photonic crystal fiber DFB ring laser. Journal of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2008, 6(4): 442–444

[7] Groothoff N, Canning J, Ryan T, Lyytikainen K, Inglis H. Distributed feedback photonic crystal fibre (DFB-PCF) laser. Optics Express, 2005, 13(8): 2924–2930

[8] Chen T, Chen R, Jewart C, Zhang B, Cook K, Canning J, Chen K P. Regenerated gratings in air-hole microstructured fibers for high-temperature pressure sensing. Optics Letters, 2011, 36(18): 3542–3544

[9] Michie A, Canning J, Bassett I, Haywood J, Digweed K, Ashton B, Stevenson M, Digweed J, Lau A, Scandurra D. Spun elliptically birefringent photonic crystal fibre for current sensing. Measurement Science & Technology, 2007, 18(10): 3070–3074

[10] Cook K, Canning J, Holdsworth J. Birefringent Bragg gratings in highly-nonlinear photonic crystal fiber. Journal of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2008, 6(4): 426–428

[11] Lyytikäinen K. Numerical simulation of a specialty optical fibre drawing process. In: Proceedings of 27th Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology. Australia: Sydney, 2002, 134–136

[12] Lyytikäinen K, Råback P, Ruokolainen J. Numerical simulation of a specialty optical fibre drawing process. In: Proceedings of 4th International ASME/JSME/KSME Symp. Computational Technologies for Fluid/Thermal/Chemical/Stress System with Industrial Applications. Canada: Vancouver, BC, 2002, 267–275

[13] Wynne R M. A Fabrication process for microstructured optical fibers. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2006, 24(11): 4304–4313

[14] Fitt A D, Furusawa K, Monro T M, Please C P, Richardson D J. The mathematical modelling of capillary drawing for holey fibre manufacture. Journal of Engineering Mathematics, 2002, 43(2-4): 201–227

[15] Fitt A D, Furusawa K, Monro T M, Please C P. Modeling the fabrication of hollow fibers: capillary drawing. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2001, 19(12): 1924–1931

[16] Yarin A L, Gospodinov P, Roussinov V I. Stability loss and sensitivity in hollow fiber drawing. Physics of Fluids, 1994, 6(4): 1454–1463

[17] Gospodinov P, Yarinz A L. Draw resonance of optical microcapillaries in non-isothermal drawing. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 1997, 23(5): 967–976

[18] Wadsworth W, Witkowska A, Leon-Saval S, Birks T. Hole inflation and tapering of stock photonic crystal fibres. Optics Express, 2005, 13(17): 6541–6549

[19] Chen Y, Birks T A. Predicting hole sizes after fibre drawing without knowing the viscosity. Optical Materials Express, 2013, 3(3): 346–356

[20] Lyytikäinen K, Zagari J, Barton G, Canning J. Heat transfer in a microstructured optical fibre preform. In: Proceedings of 11th International Plastic Optical Fibers Conference. Japan: Tokyo, 2002, 53–56

[21] Lyytikäinen K, Zagari J, Barton G, Canning J. Heat transfer within a microstructured polymer optical fibre preform. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, 2004, 12(3): S255

[22] Lyytikainen K, Canning J, Digweed J, Zagari J. Geometry control of air-silica structured optical fibres using pressurisation. In: Proceedings of Microwave and Optoeletronics Conference. Brazil: Parana, 2003, 1001–1005

[23] Lyytikäinen K J. Control of complex structural geometry in optical fibre drawing. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Sydney: University of Sydney, 2004, 157–176

[24] Chen Y. Hole control in photonic crystal fibres. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Bath: University of Bath, 2013, 52–61

[25] Guo T Y, Luo S Q, Li H L, Jian S L. Control of the fabrication parameters during the fabrication of photonic crystal fibers. Acta Physica Sinica, 2009, 58(9): 6308–6315

[26] Lyytikainen K, Canning J, Digweed J, Zagari J. Geometry control of air-silica structured optical fibres. In: Proceedings of Optical Internet & Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology. Australia: Melbourne, 2003, 137–140

[27] Wang W, Karpisz T, Tafti G, Canning J, Cook K, Luo Y, Peng G. Optimal pressure for tuning the lattice structure of photoinic crystal fibre. In: Proceedings of 3rd Australian and New Zealand Conference on Optics and Photonics. New Zealand: Queenstown, 2017, Paper 141

[28] Tafti G, Wang W, Karpisz T, Canning J, Cook K, Luo Y, Wang S, Peng G. Fabrication and structure of H-Bi micro-structured optical fibres. In: Proceedings of 3rd Australian and New Zealand Conference on Optics and Photonics. New Zealand: Queenstown, 2017, Paper 142

[29] Hoo Y L, Jin W, Shi C, Ho H L, Wang D N, Ruan S C. Design and modeling of a photonic crystal fiber gas sensor. Applied Optics, 2003, 42(18): 3509–3515

Acknowledgement

We thank AFRL, HEL-JTO and AFOSR/AOARD for providing the funding for this work under grant number FA2386-16-1-4031. T. K. thanks the support of the European Community project–PANTHER (Pacific Atlantic Network for Technical Higher Education and Research).

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2018 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature