Excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) of colorectal tumors – tool for spectroscopic diagnostics of gastrointestinal neoplasia

Abstract

The autofluorescence spectroscopy of biological tissues is a powerful tool for non-invasive detection of tissue pathologies and evaluation of any biochemical and morphological changes arising during the lesions’ growth. To obtain a full picture of the whole set of endogenous fluorophores appearing in the gastrointestinal (GI) tumors investigated, the technique of excitation-emission matrix (EEM) development was applied in a broad spectral region, covering the ultraviolet and visible spectral ranges. We could thus address a set of diagnostically-important chromophores and their alterations during tumor development, namely, collagen, elastin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), flavins, porphyrins, while hemoglobin’s absorption influence on the spectra obtained could be evaluated as well. Comparisons are presented between EEM data of normal mucosae, benign polyps and malignant carcinoma, and the origins are determined of the fluorescence signals forming these matrices.

Keywords

autofluorescence spectroscopy / excitation-emission matrix (EEM) / colon carcinoma / gastrointestinal (GI) tumours

References

[1] Young P E, Womeldorph  C M. Colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening. Journal of Cancer, 2013, 4(3): 217–226

[2] Jemal A, Bray  F, Center M M ,  Ferlay J ,  Ward E, Forman  D. Global cancer statistics. CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 2011, 61(2): 69–90

[3] Benson A B 3rd. Epidemiology, disease progression, and economic burden of colorectal cancer. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy:JMCP, 2007, 13(6 Suppl C): 5–18

[4] Song M, Ang  T.Early detection of early gastric cancer using image-enhanced endoscopy: current trends. Gastrointestinal Intervention,  2014, 3(1): 1–7

[5] Fujiya M, Kohgo  Y. Image-enhanced endoscopy for the diagnosis of colon neoplasms. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2013, 77(1): 111–118.e5

[6] Johansson A, Kromer  K, Sroka R ,  Stepp H . Clinical optical diagnostics: Status and perspectives. Medical Laser Application, 2008, 23(4): 155–174

[7] Hasan M, Wallace  M. Image-enhanced endoscopy. Clinical Update, 2009, 16(4): 1–5

[8] Subramanian V, Ragunath  K. Advanced endoscopic imaging: a review of commercially available technologies. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology : the Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2014, 12(3): 368–76.e1

[9] Ramanujam N.Fluorescence spectroscopy of neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues. Neoplasia, 2000,  2(1- 2): 89–117

[10] Wong KeeSong L M, Banerjee S ,  Desilets D ,  Diehl D L ,  Farraye F A ,  Kaul V, Kethu  S R, Kwon  R S, Mamula  P, Pedrosa M C ,  Rodriguez S A ,  Tierney W M . Autofluorescence imaging. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2011, 73(4): 647–650

[11] Prosst R L, Gahlen  J. Fluorescence diagnosis of colorectal neoplasms: a review of clinical applications. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 2002, 17(1): 1–10

[12] Ferreira D S, Henriques  M, Oliveira R ,  Correia J H ,  Minas G. Autofluorescence spectroscopy of a human gastrointestinal carcinoma cell line: design of optical sensors for the detection of early stage cancer. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Biomedical Electronics and Devices 2009, Porto, Portugal. 2009: 61–66

[13] Van Putten P, Ramsoekh  D, Haringsma J ,  Poley J W ,  Van Dekken H ,  Steyerberg E ,  Van M E ,  Kuipers E J . Autofluorescence endoscopy allows better differentiation than white light video colonoscopy in classifying adenomatous and non-adenomatous colorectal polyps. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2009, 69(5): AB290

[14] Luo X J, Zhang  B, Li J G ,  Luo X A ,  Yang L F . Autofluorescence spectroscopy for evaluating dysplasia in colorectal tissues. Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Physik, 2012, 22(1): 40–47

[15] Tajiri H. Autofluorescence endoscopy for the gastrointestinal tract. Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B, Physical and biological sciences, 2007, 83(8): 248–255

[16] Aihara H, Sumiyama  K, Saito S ,  Tajiri H ,  Ikegami M . Numerical analysis of the autofluorescence intensity of neoplastic and non-neoplastic colorectal lesions by using a novel videoendoscopy system. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2009, 69(3): 726–733

[17] Hirayama A, Kami  K, Sugimoto M ,  Sugawara M ,  Toki N, Onozuka  H, Kinoshita T ,  Saito N ,  Ochiai A ,  Tomita M ,  Esumi H ,  Soga T. Quantitative metabolome profiling of colon and stomach cancer microenvironment by capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Cancer Research, 2009, 69(11): 4918–4925

[18] Lunt S Y, Vander Heiden  M G. Aerobic glycolysis: meeting the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 2011, 27(1): 441–464

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the program for support of young scientists of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences under Grant # DFNP-183-A1 “Macroscopic and microscopic fluorescence spectroscopy for gastrointestinal tumours investigations.”

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2017 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg