Low dispersion broadband integrated double-slot microring resonators optical buffer

Chuan WANG, Xiaoying LIU, Minming ZHANG, Peng ZHOU

Front. Optoelectron. ›› 2016, Vol. 9 ›› Issue (4) : 571-577.

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Front. Optoelectron. ›› 2016, Vol. 9 ›› Issue (4) : 571-577. DOI: 10.1007/s12200-016-0495-5
RESEARCH ARTICLE
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Low dispersion broadband integrated double-slot microring resonators optical buffer

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Abstract

Microring resonator optical buffer is attractive in high-speed optical network system, but ordinary microring resonator use strip waveguide as its basic light guide medium, which cannot provide small footprint, low dispersion and high delay-bandwidth product (DBP) simultaneously. Double-slot waveguide structure was first proposed to construct racetrack-microring resonators. It was found that cascading multiple microrings can increase the delay-bandwidth and lower the dispersion of the resonators by optimizing the structure parameters. Optical buffer cascaded by 8 microrings with flat bandwidth of 20 GHz provided the delay of 150 ps and the dispersion of ~107 ps/nm over 1530−1630 nm, and the footprint of each microring was about 51. This study can provide design methods and theoretical basis support for practical application.

Keywords

optical buffer / microring / resonator / delay / slot / waveguide / dispersion

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Chuan WANG, Xiaoying LIU, Minming ZHANG, Peng ZHOU. Low dispersion broadband integrated double-slot microring resonators optical buffer. Front. Optoelectron., 2016, 9(4): 571‒577 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-016-0495-5

1 Introduction

Fiber grating is an optical passive component that has been developed rapidly in recent years. With mature manufacturing technology and extensive application, fiber grating can be widely used in the future. A periodic refractive index distributing in dimension, where the photosensitive characteristic of the fiber material is used, can control the propagation of light in the fiber grating. These unique characteristics can make it possible for the application of fiber grating in the fiber communication net and sensor net fields. Cross-sensitivity of fiber grating sensor is an important problem which restricts the development of the fiber sensor. In the factual application, the wavelength of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) can be affected by stress and temperature, which means the fiber grating sensor has a cross-sensitivity problem between stress and temperature. The dual-wavelength matrix calculation method [1] is currently the most popular method to solve the cross-sensitivity problem.

2 Theory derivation

Here is the basic theory of a sensor made by FBG.
When a broadband light comes into FBG, only a narrowband signal wavelength close to Bragg wavelength can be reflected, and the other broadband wavelength will be transmitted. The Bragg wavelength is [2]
λB=2neffΛ,
where Λ is the grating period, and neff is the effective index of the fiber core.
When the stress or the temperature changes, Λ and neff are affected, which will make the Bragg wavelength off-set. We can explain the relationship between the Bragg wavelength and stress and temperature by the equation below:
λB=λB(ϵ,T)
.
By making dualistic Taylor series expansion in Eq. (2), we can get an expression of λB as follows:
λB(ϵ,T)=λB(ϵ0,T0)+Δϵ(λBϵ)(ϵ0,T0)+ΔT(λBT)(ϵ0,T0)+12![(Δϵ)2(2λBϵ2)(ϵ0,T0)+(ΔT)2(2λBT2)(ϵ0,T0)+2ΔϵΔT(2λBϵT)(ϵ0,T0)]++1n![Δϵ(ϵ)(ϵ0,T0)+ΔT(T)(ϵ0,T0)]nλB,
where Δϵ and ΔT are the change of stress and temperature to reference estate (ϵ0, T0). Therefore, the change of Bragg wavelength which is caused by stress and temperature is
ΔλB=λB(ϵ,T)-λB(ϵ0,T0)=Δϵ(λBϵ)(ϵ0,T0)+ΔT(λBT)(ϵ0,T0)+12![(Δϵ)2(2λBϵ)(ϵ0,T0)+(ΔT)2(2λBT)(ϵ0,T0)+2ΔϵΔT(2λBϵT)(ϵ0,T0)]++1n![Δϵ(ϵ)(ϵ0,T0)+ΔT(T)(ϵ0,T0)]nλB.
When the high level in Eq. (4) is ignored, the formula of Δλ can be obtained as follows:
ΔλB=Δϵ(λBϵ)(ϵ0,T0)+ΔT(λBT)(ϵ0,T0).
The first item at the right of Eq. (5) is the wavelength excursion caused by stress, and the second item at the right of Eq. (5) is the wavelength excursion caused by temperature. On the other hand, wavelength excursion caused by stress can be expressed as [3]
ΔλB=λB(1-Pϵ)Δϵ,
where
Pϵ=neff22[p12-v(p11+p12)]
is the Elasto-optical coefficient, p11 and p12 are the weights of Elasto-optical tensor, and v is the Poisson coefficient.
Wavelength excursion caused by temperature can also be expressed as follows:
ΔλB=λB(α+β)ΔT,
where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion, and β is the thermo-optic coefficient.
Contrasting Eqs. (6) and (7) to Eq. (5), we can get the following equations:
kϵ=(λBϵ)=λB(1-Pϵ),
kT=(λBT)=λB(α+β),
where kϵ is the stress sensitivity coefficient, and kT is the temperature sensitivity coefficient.
When the fiber grating is used in sense measurement [4-8], the accurate measurement result cannot be achieved because the single FBG cannot distinguish whether the change of the Bragg wavelength is caused by stress or temperature. A traditional method used to solve this problem is the dual-wavelength matrix calculation method.
The dual-wavelength matrix calculation method can solve the problem like this: by using two FBG with different Bragg wavelengths in the system, the change of Bragg wavelength matrix can be received as follows:
[Δλ1Δλ2]=[k1ϵk1Tk2ϵk2T][ΔϵΔT],
where k1ϵ, k1T are the stress sensitivity coefficient and the temperature sensitivity coefficient for one FBG each; and k2ϵ, k2T are the stress sensitivity coefficient and the temperature sensitivity coefficient for another. By using Eq. (10), the stress change and temperature change can be distinguished concretely.
Equation (10) is the final expression for a traditional dual-wavelength matrix calculation method. The high level is ignored in Eq. (5). If the high level hyper-two is ignored, and the two-level items are used in Eq. (4) as fix items, a modified dual-wavelength matrix calculation method equation can be obtained below:
[Δλ1Δλ2]=[k1ϵk1Tk2ϵk2T][ΔϵΔT]+[k1ϵ2k1T2k2ϵ2k2T2][(Δϵ)2(ΔT)2]+[k1ϵTk2ϵT]ΔϵΔT,
where k1ϵ2, k1T2, and k1ϵT are the two-level stress sensitivity coefficient, the two-level temperature sensitivity coefficient, and the stress-temperature cross-sensitivity coefficient for one FBG; k2ϵ2, k2T2, and k2ϵT are the two-level stress sensitivity coefficient, the two-level temperature sensitivity coefficient, and the stress-temperature cross-sensitivity coefficient for another. By using Eqs. (1), (4), (8), and (9), kϵ2, kT2, and kϵT can be calculated as below:
kϵ2=12(2λBϵ2)=12[λB(1-Pϵ)]ϵ=12kϵ(1-pϵ)-12λBPϵϵ=12λB(1-pϵ)2-2PϵΛneffϵ,
kT2=12(2λBT2)=12[λB(α+β)]T=12kT(α+β)+12λB(α+β)T=12λB(α+β)2+12λB(αT+βT),
kϵT=(2λBϵT)=kϵT=[λB(1-Pϵ)]T=λB(α+β)(1-Pϵ).
Obviously, Eq. (11), as the final expression for a modified dual-wavelength matrix calculation method, has more precision than Eq. (10), because the two-level items in Eq. (4) are considered.

3 Simulation result and analysis

Now the reflectivity of the FBG can be calculated by traditional dual-wavelength matrix method and modified dual-wavelength matrix method, respectively. In normal germanium-doped silica fiber,
p11=0.113, p12=0.252,
v=0.16, neff=1.482,
α=0.55×10-6, β=8.6×10-6.
Suppose the original Bragg wavelength of FBG is λB nm, the stress change is Δϵ=500×10-6ϵ, temperature change is ΔT=20°C, the simulated result is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig.1 Reflectivity of FBG with small change condition. (a) Original reflectivity of FBG; (b) traditional dual-wavelength matrix method versus modified dual-wavelength matrix method

Full size|PPT slide

Figure 1(a) is the original reflectivity of FBG; and Fig. 1(b) is the reflectivity calculated by using traditional dual-wavelength matrix method and modified dual-wavelength matrix method, respectively, with the change of stress and temperature. We can find that in Fig. 1(b), the two reflectivity calculated by two methods are almost the same.
If we suppose the stress changing factor is Δϵ=1500×10-6 ϵ, and the temperature change factor is ΔT=60°C, the simulated result is shown in Fig. 2.
Fig.2 Reflectivity of FBG with big change condition. (a) Original reflectivity of FBG; (b) traditional dual-wavelength matrix method versus modified dual-wavelength matrix method

Full size|PPT slide

In Fig. 2(b), we can find that the reflectivity difference which is calculated by two methods is obvious. Comparing Fig. 1 with Fig. 2, we can make a conclusion: when the stress and temperature conditions are changed little, the reflectivity calculated by the modified method is almost the same as the traditional method; when the stress and temperature conditions are changed more, the reflectivity calculated by the modified method is more accurate than the traditional method.

4 Conclusion

In this paper, we modified the traditional dual-wavelength matrix calculation method by using the two-level items in Eq. (4) as fix items. The accuracy is improved greatly as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. With the modified method, we can get better results when the stress and temperature conditions are changed more, which can be useful for design in the future.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61107051) and National High-tech R&D Program (No. SS2012AA010407).

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2016 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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