Prediction model and loosening characteristics of a bolted connection system under torsional excitation

Abstract

In the rotor system of aero-engines, the main purpose of a bolted flange connection structure is to transfer torque and speed, and the rotor system may exhibit bolt loosening and connection structure failure under complex working conditions, high speed rotation, and external excitation unbalanced force. In addition, the bolted connection structure in the rotor system is mainly subjected to torsional vibration excitation, and using experimental methods to analyze the dynamic response law of different structural parameters of a bolted connection structure under torsional vibration excitation is complicated. Therefore, on the basis of the concentrated mass method and the elastic interaction characteristics within the bolted system, this study establishes dynamic models of one-bolted and multi-bolted connection structural systems under torsional excitation. On the basis of this dynamic model, the dynamic response characteristics of different thread parameters, external excitation, bolt stiffness, and compression stiffness of the connected parts in a one-bolted connection system and the influence laws of different elastic modulus, bolt numbers, and the thickness of the connected parts on the loosening of the multi-bolted connection system are analyzed. Results show that small thread pitch, external excitation amplitude and frequency, compressive stiffness, bolt stiffness, and elastic modulus and large tooth angle, number of bolts, and thickness of connected parts can appropriately improve the anti-loosening performance of the bolted connection system. This study also uses a comparative verification method combining finite element simulation and experiment to verify the correctness of the established dynamic model effectively.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

bolted connection / bolt looseness / bolt stiffness / torsional excitation / dynamic model

References

[1] Gao Y, Sun W. Inverse identification of the mechanical parameters of a pipeline hoop and analysis of the effect of preload. Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, 2019, 14(3): 358–368

[2] Katsumata T, Mizutani Y, Todoroki A, Matsuzaki R. Study of high-strength CFRP bolted joints with failure-monitoring cone washers. Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, 2011, 6(3): 272–276

[3] Hong J, Yang Z F, Wang Y F, Cheng R H, Ma Y H. Combination resonances of rotor systems with asymmetric residual preloads in bolted joints. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2023, 183: 109626

[4] Li Z Y, Zhang Y M, Li C Y, Xu M T, Dai W B, Liu Z D. Modeling and nonlinear dynamic analysis of bolt joints considering fractal surfaces. Nonlinear Dynamics, 2022, 108(2): 1071–1099

[5] Li Y, Liu Z F, Wang Y Z, Cai L G, Zheng M G. Experimental study on behavior of time-related preload relaxation for bolted joints subjected to vibration in different directions. Tribology International, 2020, 142(2): 106005

[6] Sorokin V S, Thomsen J J, Brøns M. Coupled longitudinal and transverse vibrations of tensioned Euler-Bernoulli beams with general linear boundary conditions. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2021, 150: 107244

[7] Li D W, Botto D, Li R Z, Xu C, Zhang W M. Experimental and theoretical studies on friction contact of bolted joint interfaces. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2022, 236: 107773

[8] Gong H, Liu J H, Ding X Y. Study on the mechanism of preload decrease of bolted joints subjected to transversal vibration loading. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part B, Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 2019, 233(12): 2320–2329

[9] Zhang M Y, Zeng D F, Lu L T, Zhang Y B, Wang J, Xu J M. Finite element modelling and experimental validation of bolt loosening due to thread wear under transverse cyclic loading. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2019, 104: 341–353

[10] Zhang M Y, Lu L T, Wang W J, Zeng D F. The roles of thread wear on self-loosening behavior of bolted joints under transverse cyclic loading. Wear, 2018, 394–395: 30–39

[11] Gong H, Liu J H, Ding X Y. Study on local slippage accumulation between thread contact surfaces and novel anti-loosening thread designs under transversal vibration. Tribology International, 2021, 153: 106558

[12] Liu J H, Mi X, Hu H M, Long L H, Cai Z B, Peng J F, Zhu M H. Loosening behavior of threaded fasteners under cyclic shear displacement. Wear, 2020, 460–461:

[13] Vu L K, Nguyen B D. Numerical simulation for self-loosening phenomenon analysis of bolt joint under vibration. International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering, 2020, 14(12): 603–606

[14] LiuZ F, Yan X, ZhengM P, WangY Z, ChenW T, LiY. The effect of tightening again on bolt loosening under transverse load: experimental and finite element analysis. Structures, 2022, 44: 1303–1311

[15] Lin Q Y, Zhao Y, Sun Q C, Chen K Y. Reliability evaluation method of anti-loosening performance of bolted joints. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2022, 162: 108067

[16] Brøns M, Plaugmann A, Fidlin A, Thomsen J J. Coupling effects with vibration-based estimation of individual bolt tension in multi-bolt structures. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2022, 528: 116873

[17] Sah S M, Thomsen J J, Brøns M, Fidlin A, Tcherniak D. Estimating bolt tightness using transverse natural frequencies. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2018, 431: 137–149

[18] Basava S, Hess D P. Bolted joint clamping force variation due to axial vibration. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1998, 210(2): 255–265

[19] Moore K J. A reduced-order model for loosening of bolted joints subjected to axial shock excitation. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2019, 86(12): 121007

[20] Jiao J F, Liu Z X, Guo Q, Liu Y, Lei H G. Constant-amplitude fatigue behavior of M24 high-strength bolt of end-plate flange connection. Structures, 2021, 34: 2041–2053

[21] Li H C, Zhao Y, Jiang J Y, Wang H, He J F, Liu J H, Peng J F, Zhu M H. Effect of frequency on the fatigue performance of bolted joints under axial excitation. Tribology International, 2022, 176: 107933

[22] Liu J H, Ouyang H J, Peng J F, Zhang C Q, Zhou P, Ma L, Zhu M. Experimental and numerical studies of bolted joints subjected to axial excitation. Wear, 2016, 346–347: 66–77

[23] Liu J H, Ouyang H J, Feng Z Q, Cai Z B, Liu X T, Zhu M H. Study on self-loosening of bolted joints excited by dynamic axial load. Tribology International, 2017, 115: 432–451

[24] Zheng Q, Guo Y C, Wei Y P, Wang Y C, Wang X. Loosening of steel threaded connection subjected to axial compressive impact loading. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2020, 144: 103662

[25] Liu X T, Fan J F, Wang H, Jiang J Y, Liu J H, Gong X F, Peng J F, Zhu M. Effect of wear between contact surfaces on self-loosening behaviour of bolted joint under low frequency torsional excitation. Tribology International, 2022, 174: 107764

[26] Liu X T, Mi X, Liu J H, Long L H, Cai Z B, Mo J L, Peng J F, Zhu M H. Axial load distribution and self-loosening behavior of bolted joints subjected to torsional excitation. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2021, 119: 104985

[27] Yokoyama T, Olsson M, Izumi S, Sakai S. Investigation into the self-loosening behavior of bolted joint subjected to rotational loading. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2012, 23: 35–43

[28] Ouyang H, Oldfield M J, Mottershead J E. Experimental and theoretical studies of a bolted joint excited by a torsional dynamic load. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2006, 48(12): 1447–1455

[29] Liu X T, Liu J H, Ouyang H J, Cai Z B, Peng J F, Zhu M H. Experimental and numerical studies of bolted joints subjected to torsional excitation. Modern Physics Letters B, 2018, 32:

[30] Liu J H, Ouyang H J, Feng Z Q, Cai Z B, Mo J L, Peng J F, Zhu M H. Dynamic behaviour of a bolted joint subjected to torsional excitation. Tribology International, 2019, 140: 105877

[31] Li H, Zou Z Y, Yan Y Y, Shi X J, Xiong J, Zhang H Y, Wang X P, Ha S K. Free and forced vibrations of composite cylindrical–cylindrical shells with partial bolt loosening connections: Theoretical and experimental investigation. Thin-Walled Structures, 2022, 179: 109671

[32] Li H, Lv H Y, Sun H, Qin Z Y, Xiong J, Han Q K, Liu J G, Wang X P. Nonlinear vibrations of fiber-reinforced composite cylindrical shells with bolt loosening boundary conditions. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2021, 496: 115935

[33] Li H, Zou Z Y, Wu H H, Zhao J, Sun H, Sun W, Wang Q, Wang X. Theoretical and experimental investigations of vibration and damping behaviors of carbon fiber-reinforced composite thin shells with partial bolt looseness constraints. European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids, 2023, 97: 104839

[34] Tang Q S, Li C F, She H X, Wen B C. Nonlinear response analysis of bolted joined cylindrical–cylindrical shell with general boundary condition. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2019, 443: 788–803

[35] Pirdayr A, Mohammadi M, Javad Kazemzadeh-Parsi M, Rajabi M. Self-loosening effects on vibration characteristics of plates with bolted joints: An experimental and finite element analysis. Measurement, 2021, 185: 109922

[36] Li Z Y, Zhang Y M, Li C Y, Tan Z. Dynamic and stability analysis of multibolt plane joints under normal forces. Applied Sciences, 2019, 9(24): 5521

[37] Sakai T. Investigations of bolt loosening mechanisms: 2nd report, on the center bolts of twisted joints. Bulletin of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1978, 21(159): 1391–1394

[38] ZhangF, Guan X D. Mechanical Design. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology Press, 2011, 99–105 (in Chinese)

[39] ChengD X. Mechanical Design Manual: Volume 4, Connections and Tightening. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2004, 65–70 (in Chinese)

[40] Gong H, Liu J H, Ding X Y. Thorough understanding on the mechanism of vibration-induced loosening of threaded fasteners based on modified Iwan model. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2020, 473: 115238

[41] YangJ W. Research on influence of tightening technology of bearing cap’s bolts on bearing preload. Thesis for the Master’s Degree. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology, 2021 (in Chinese)

[42] SakaiT. Threaded Fastener Connection Engineering. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2016, 19–21 (in Chinese)

[43] Nassar S A, Yang X J. A mathematical model for vibration-induced loosening of preloaded threaded fasteners. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 2009, 131(2): 021009

[44] YamamotoA. Theory and Calculation of Thread Connection. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technological Literature Press, 1984, 72–76 (in Chinese)

[45] Pan W J, Li X P, Wang L L, Guo N, Yang Z M. Influence of contact stiffness of joint surfaces on oscillation system based on the fractal theory. Archive of Applied Mechanics, 2018, 88(4): 525–541

[46] Pan W J, Li X P, Wang L L, Guo N, Mu J X. A normal contact stiffness fractal prediction model of dry-friction rough surface and experimental verification. European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids, 2017, 66(2): 94–102

[47] Majumdar A, Bhushan B. Fractal model of elastic-plastic contact between rough surfaces. Journal of Tribology, 1991, 113(1): 1–11

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press