Low dose of hydroxychloroquine is associated with reduced COVID-19 mortality: a multicenter study in China

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all patients, their families, and all investigators involved in this study. The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported in part by the projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 82100526, 82241034, and 82330010) and National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2024YFC3044500).

Compliance with ethics guidelines

Conflicts of interest Wu He, Ke Xu, Yongcui Yan, Gen Li, Bo Yu, Junfang Wu, Kaineng Zhong, Da Zhou, and Dao Wen Wang declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Dao Wen Wang is a member of the Editorial Board of Frontiers of Medicine, who was excluded from the peer-review process and all editorial decisions related to the acceptance and publication of this article. Peer-review was handled independently by the other editors to minimise bias.

The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tongji Medical College (No. TJ-IRB20210138) and the study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Due to the retrospective nature of this study and the anonymity of its participants, the ethics committee waived the requirement for written informed consent.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-025-1123-9 and is accessible for authorized users.

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