Progress on early diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects both cognition and non-cognition functions. The disease follows a continuum, starting with preclinical stages, progressing to mild cognitive and behavioral impairment, ultimately leading to dementia. Early detection of AD is crucial for better diagnosis and more effective treatment. However, the current AD diagnostic tests of biomarkers using cerebrospinal fluid and/or brain imaging are invasive or expensive, and mostly are still not able to detect early disease state. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new diagnostic techniques with higher sensitivity and specificity during the preclinical stages of AD. Various non-cognitive manifestations, including behavioral abnormalities, sleep disturbances, sensory dysfunctions, and physical changes, have been observed in the preclinical AD stage before occurrence of notable cognitive decline. Recent research advances have identified several biofluid biomarkers as early indicators of AD. This review focuses on these non-cognitive changes and newly discovered biomarkers in AD, specifically addressing the preclinical stages of the disease. Furthermore, it is of importance to explore the potential for developing a predictive system or network to forecast disease onset and progression at the early stage of AD.

Keywords

Alzheimer’s disease / early diagnosis / non-cognitive symptoms / biomarkers

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Acknowledgements

This review work was supported by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 32220103006 and 82271524) and the Intramural Research Program of NIH, National Institute on Aging (Nos. ZIA AG000944 and AG000928).

Compliance with ethics guidelines

Conflicts of interest Yixin Chen, Murad Al-Nusaif, Song Li, Xiang Tan, Huijia Yang, Huaibin Cai, and Weidong Le declare that they have no competing interests.

This manuscript is a review article and does not involve a research protocol requiring approval by the relevant institutional review board or ethics committee.

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