Unraveling the complex roles of macrophages in obese adipose tissue: an overview

Abstract

Macrophages, a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells, exhibit remarkable plasticity and play pivotal roles in coordinating immune responses and maintaining tissue homeostasis within the context of metabolic diseases. The activation of inflammatory macrophages in obese adipose tissue leads to detrimental effects, inducing insulin resistance through increased inflammation, impaired thermogenesis, and adipose tissue fibrosis. Meanwhile, adipose tissue macrophages also play a beneficial role in maintaining adipose tissue homeostasis by regulating angiogenesis, facilitating the clearance of dead adipocytes, and promoting mitochondrial transfer. Exploring the heterogeneity of macrophages in obese adipose tissue is crucial for unraveling the pathogenesis of obesity and holds significant potential for targeted therapeutic interventions. Recently, the dual effects and some potential regulatory mechanisms of macrophages in adipose tissue have been elucidated using single-cell technology. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the intricate activation mechanisms and diverse functions of macrophages in adipose tissue during obesity, as well as explore the potential of drug delivery systems targeting macrophages, aiming to enhance the understanding of current regulatory mechanisms that may be potentially targeted for treating obesity or metabolic diseases.

Keywords

obesity / inflammation / adipose tissue macrophages / adipose tissue homeostasis

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32000525), Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project, Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (TM202101H001), and the Lingang Laboratory (LG202103-03-01).

Compliance with ethics guidelines

Conflicts of interest Chang Peng, Jun Chen, Rui Wu, Haowen Jiang, and Jia Li declare that they have no conflict of interest, and this manuscript is a review article and does not involve a research protocol requiring approval by the relevant institutional review board or ethics committee.

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