Heterogeneity of the tumor immune microenvironment and clinical interventions

Abstract

The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is broadly composed of various immune cells, and its heterogeneity is characterized by both immune cells and stromal cells. During the course of tumor formation and progression and anti-tumor treatment, the composition of the TIME becomes heterogeneous. Such immunological heterogeneity is not only present between populations but also exists on temporal and spatial scales. Owing to the existence of TIME, clinical outcomes can differ when a similar treatment strategy is provided to patients. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of TIME heterogeneity is essential for developing precise and effective therapies. Facilitated by advanced technologies, it is possible to understand the complexity and diversity of the TIME and its influence on therapy responses. In this review, we discuss the potential reasons for TIME heterogeneity and the current approaches used to explore it. We also summarize clinical intervention strategies based on associated mechanisms or targets to control immunological heterogeneity.

Keywords

tumor immune heterogeneity / clinical intervention / tumor microenvironment

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Acknowledgements

The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82102878 to Jia-Nan Cheng and No. 82073147 to Qingzhu Jia), the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (No. cstc2021jcyj-msxm3521 to Jia-Nan Cheng), and the Chongqing PhD scientific project (No. sl202100000575 to Jia-Nan Cheng).

Compliance with ethics guidelines

Conflict of interest Zheng Jin, Qin Zhou, Jia-Nan Cheng, Qingzhu Jia, and Bo Zhu declares that they have no conflict of interest.

This manuscript is a review article and does not involve a research protocol requiring approval by the relevant institutional review board or ethics committee.

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