Antibiotic resistome of Salmonella typhi: molecular determinants for the emergence of drug resistance

Abstract

Resistome is a cluster of microbial genes encoding proteins with necessary functions to resist the action of antibiotics. Resistome governs essential and separate biological functions to develop resistance against antibiotics. The widespread clinical and nonclinical uses of antibiotics over the years have combined to select antibiotic-resistant determinants and develop resistome in bacteria. At present, the emergence of drug resistance because of resistome is a significant problem faced by clinicians for the treatment of Salmonella infection. Antibiotic resistome is a dynamic and ever-expanding component in Salmonella. The foundation of resistome in Salmonella is laid long before; therefore, the antibiotic resistome of Salmonella is reviewed, discussed, and summarized. We have searched the literature using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar with related key terms (resistome, Salmonella, antibiotics, drug resistance) and prepared this review. In this review, we summarize the status of resistance against antibiotics in S. typhi, highlight the seminal work in the resistome of S. typhi and the genes involved in the antibiotic resistance, and discuss the various methods to identify S. typhi resistome for the proactive identification of this infection and quick diagnosis of the disease.

Keywords

S. typhi / antibiotic resistance / mechanism / resistome / identification methods

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Acknowledgements

Authors are grateful to the National Institute of Technology, Raipur (CG), India for providing the facility, space, and resources for the work.

Compliance with ethics guidelines

Awanish Kumar and Anil Kumar declare that they have no conflict of interest related to this study. This manuscript is a review article and does not involve a research protocol requiring approval by the relevant institutional review board or ethics committee.

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