Human microbiome and prostate cancer development: current insights into the prevention and treatment

Abstract

The huge communities of microorganisms that symbiotically colonize humans are recognized as significant players in health and disease. The human microbiome may influence prostate cancer development. To date, several studies have focused on the effect of prostate infections as well as the composition of the human microbiome in relation to prostate cancer risk. Current studies suggest that the microbiota of men with prostate cancer significantly differs from that of healthy men, demonstrating that certain bacteria could be associated with cancer development as well as altered responses to treatment. In healthy individuals, the microbiome plays a crucial role in the maintenance of homeostasis of body metabolism. Dysbiosis may contribute to the emergence of health problems, including malignancy through affecting systemic immune responses and creating systemic inflammation, and changing serum hormone levels. In this review, we discuss recent data about how the microbes colonizing different parts of the human body including urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, and skin might affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. Furthermore, we discuss strategies to target the microbiome for risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of prostate cancer.

Keywords

microbiome / prostate cancer / prevention / treatment / molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) / biomarker

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Acknowledgments

We give special thanks to all members of Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences for helpful discussions and friendly support.

Compliance with ethics guidelines

Solmaz Ohadian Moghadam and Seyed Ali Momeni declare that they have no conflict of interest. This manuscript is a review article and does not require approval by the institutional ethics committee.

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