Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia among patients undergoing major oncological surgery for head and neck cancer
Yutao Liu, Yaxia Di, Shuai Fu
Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia among patients undergoing major oncological surgery for head and neck cancer
Patients undergoing major oncological surgery for head and neck cancer (SHNC) have a particularly high risk of nosocomial infections. We aimed to identify risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients undergoing SHNC. The study included 465 patients who underwent SHNC between June 2011 and June 2014. The rate of VAP, risk factors for VAP, and biological aspects of VAP were retrospectively evaluated. The incidence of VAP was 19.6% (n=95) in patients who required more than 48 h of mechanical ventilation. Staphylococcus (37.7%), Enterobacteriaceae (32.1%), Pseudomonas (20.8%), and Haemophilus (16.9%) were the major bacterial species that caused VAP. The independent risk factors for VAP were advanced age, current smoking status, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and a higher simplified acute physiology score system II upon admission. Tracheostomy was an independent protective factor for VAP. The median length of stay in the ICU for patients who did or did not develop VAP was 8.0 and 6.5 days, respectively (P=0.006). Mortality among patients who did or did not develop VAP was 16.8% and 8.4%, respectively (P<0.001). The potential economic impact of VAP was high because of the significantly extended duration of ventilation. A predictive regression model was developed with a sensitivity of 95.3% and a specificity of 69.4%. VAP is common in patients who are undergoing SHNC and who require more than 48 h of mechanical ventilation. Therefore, innovative preventive measures should be developed and applied in this high-risk population.
ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) / pneumonia / risk factors / surgery for head and neck cancer (SHNC)
[1] |
Bigham MT, Amato R, Bondurrant P, Fridriksson J, Krawczeski CD, Raake J, Ryckman S, Schwartz S, Shaw J, Wells D, Brilli RJ. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the pediatric intensive care unit: characterizing the problem and implementing a sustainable solution. J Pediatr 2009; 154(4): 582–587.e2
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[2] |
Shorr AF, Tabak YP, Gupta V, Johannes RS, Liu LZ, Kollef MH. Morbidity and cost burden of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in early onset ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care 2006; 10(3): R97
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[3] |
Rello J, Ollendorf DA, Oster G, Vera-Llonch M, Bellm L, Redman R, Kollef MH; VAP Outcomes Scientific Advisory Group. Epidemiology and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large US database. Chest 2002; 122(6): 2115–2121
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[4] |
Vallés J, Pobo A, García-Esquirol O, Mariscal D, Real J, Fernández R. Excess ICU mortality attributable to ventilator-associated pneumonia: the role of early vs. late onset. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33(8): 1363–1368
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[5] |
Safdar N, Dezfulian C, Collard HR, Saint S. Clinical and economic consequences of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2005; 33(10): 2184–2193
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Griffith L, Keenan SP, Brun-Buisson C. The attributable morbidity and mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the critically ill patient. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159(4): 1249–1256
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[7] |
Petrar S, Bartlett C, Hart RD, MacDougall P. Pulmonary complications after major head and neck surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Laryngoscope 2012; 122(5): 1057–1061
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Ong SK, Morton RP, Kolbe J, Whitlock RM, McIvor NP. Pulmonary complications following major head and neck surgery with tracheostomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial of prophylactic antibiotics. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130(9): 1084–1087
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[9] |
McCulloch TM, Jensen NF, Girod DA, Tsue TT, Weymuller EA Jr. Risk factors for pulmonary complications in the postoperative head and neck surgery patient. Head Neck 1997; 19(5): 372–377
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[10] |
Kakavas S, Mongardon N, Cariou A, Gulati A, Xanthos T. Early-onset pneumonia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Infect 2015; 70(6): 553–562
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[11] |
Li S, Zhang Y, Li S, Wang X, Zhang R, Lu Z, Yan J. Risk factors associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation after corrective surgery for tetralogy of Fallot. Congenit Heart Dis 2015; 10(3): 254–262
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[12] |
Inchai J, Pothirat C, Liwsrisakun C, Deesomchok A, Kositsakulchai W, Chalermpanchai N. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: epidemiology and prognostic indicators of 30-day mortality. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 68(3): 181–186
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Gianakis A, McNett M, Belle J, Moran C, Grimm D. Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia: among trauma patients with and without brain injury. J Trauma Nurs 2015; 22(3): 125–131
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[14] |
Berlet T, Etter R, Fehr T, Berger D, Sendi P, Merz TM. Sonographic patterns of lung consolidation in mechanically ventilated patients with and without ventilator-associated pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. J Crit Care 2015; 30(2): 327–333
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Semenov YR, Starmer HM, Gourin CG. The effect of pneumonia on short-term outcomes and cost of care after head and neck cancer surgery. Laryngoscope 2012; 122(9): 1994–2004
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[16] |
Goutier JM, Holzmueller CG, Edwards KC, Klompas M, Speck K, Berenholtz SM. Strategies to enhance adoption of ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention interventions: a systematic literature review. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35(8): 998–1005
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[17] |
Maselli DJ, Restrepo MI. Strategies in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2011; 5(2): 131–141
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Klompas M, Kleinman K, Murphy MV, Program CPE. Descriptive epidemiology and attributable morbidity of ventilator-associated events. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35(5): 502–510
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[19] |
Bercault N, Boulain T. Mortality rate attributable to ventilator-associated nosocomial pneumonia in an adult intensive care unit: a prospective case-control study. Crit Care Med 2001; 29(12): 2303–2309
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Warren DK, Shukla SJ, Olsen MA, Kollef MH, Hollenbeak CS, Cox MJ, Cohen MM, Fraser VJ. Outcome and attributable cost of ventilator-associated pneumonia among intensive care unit patients in a suburban medical center. Crit Care Med 2003; 31(5): 1312–1317
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[21] |
Bird D, Zambuto A, O’Donnell C, Silva J, Korn C, Burke R, Burke P, Agarwal S. Adherence to ventilator-associated pneumonia bundle and incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the surgical intensive care unit. Arch Surg 2010; 145(5): 465–470
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[22] |
Bronchard R, Albaladejo P, Brezac G, Geffroy A, Seince PF, Morris W, Branger C, Marty J. Early onset pneumonia: risk factors and consequences in head trauma patients. Anesthesiology 2004; 100(2): 234–239
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[23] |
Lepelletier D, Roquilly A, Demeure dit latte D, Mahe PJ, Loutrel O, Champin P, Corvec S, Naux E, Pinaud M, Lejus C, Asehnoune K. Retrospective analysis of the risk factors and pathogens associated with early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in surgical-ICU head-trauma patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2010; 22(1): 32–37
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[24] |
American Thoracic Society; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171(4): 388–416
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[25] |
Weksler ME, Hütteroth TH. Impaired lymphocyte function in aged humans. J Clin Invest 1974; 53(1): 99–104
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[26] |
Nakagawa M, Tanaka H, Tsukuma H, Kishi Y. Relationship between the duration of the preoperative smoke-free period and the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications after pulmonary surgery. Chest 2001; 120(3): 705–710
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[27] |
Barrera R, Shi W, Amar D, Thaler HT, Gabovich N, Bains MS, White DA. Smoking and timing of cessation: impact on pulmonary complications after thoracotomy. Chest 2005; 127(6): 1977–1983
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[28] |
Wong J, Lam DP, Abrishami A, Chan MT, Chung F. Short-term preoperative smoking cessation and postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth 2012; 59(3): 268–279
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[29] |
Kotani N, Kushikata T, Hashimoto H, Sessler DI, Muraoka M, Matsuki A. Recovery of intraoperative microbicidal and inflammatory functions of alveolar immune cells after a tobacco smoke-free period. Anesthesiology 2001; 94(6): 999–1006
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Makris D, Desrousseaux B, Zakynthinos E, Durocher A, Nseir S. The impact of COPD on ICU mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Respir Med 2011; 105(7): 1022–1029
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[31] |
Nseir S, Di Pompeo C, Soubrier S, Cavestri B, Jozefowicz E, Saulnier F, Durocher A. Impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia on outcome in patients with COPD. Chest 2005; 128(3): 1650–1656
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[32] |
Rinaudo M, Ferrer M, Terraneo S, De Rosa F, Peralta R, Fernández-Barat L, Li Bassi G, Torres A. Impact of COPD in the outcome of ICU-acquired pneumonia with and without previous intubation. Chest 2015; 147(6): 1530–1538
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[33] |
Di Pasquale M, Esperatti M, Crisafulli E, Ferrer M, Bassi GL, Rinaudo M, Escorsell A, Fernandez J, Mas A, Blasi F, Torres A. Impact of chronic liver disease in intensive care unit acquired pneumonia: a prospective study. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39(10): 1776–1784
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[34] |
Ranzani OT, Ferrer M, Esperatti M, Giunta V, Bassi GL, Carvalho CR, Torres A. Association between systemic corticosteroids and outcomes of intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2012; 40(9): 2552–2561
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[35] |
Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Agustí AG, Jones PW, Vogelmeier C, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Fabbri LM, Martinez FJ, Nishimura M, Stockley RA, Sin DD, Rodriguez-Roisin R. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187(4): 347–365
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[36] |
Kanna B, Ayman HA, Soni A. Early tracheostomy in intensive care trauma patient improves resource utilization: a cohort study and literature review. Crit Care 2005; 9(4): 414–416
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[37] |
Schneider GT, Christensen N, Doerr TD. Early tracheotomy in elderly patients results in less ventilator-associated pneumonia. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 140(2): 250–255
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[38] |
Terragni PP, Antonelli M, Fumagalli R, Faggiano C, Berardino M, Pallavicini FB, Miletto A, Mangione S, Sinardi AU, Pastorelli M, Vivaldi N, Pasetto A, Della Rocca G, Urbino R, Filippini C, Pagano E, Evangelista A, Ciccone G, Mascia L, Ranieri VM. Early vs. late tracheotomy for prevention of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated adult ICU patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010; 303(15): 1483–1489
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[39] |
Arabi Y, Haddad S, Shirawi N, Al Shimemeri A. Early tracheostomy in intensive care trauma patients improves resource utilization: a cohort study and literature review. Crit Care 2004; 8(5): R347–R352
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[40] |
Devarajan J, Vydyanathan A, Xu M, Murthy SM, McCurry KR, Sessler DI, Sabik J, Bashour CA. Early tracheostomy is associated with improved outcomes in patients who require prolonged mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2012; 214(6): 1008–16.e4
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[41] |
Rumbak MJ, Newton M, Truncale T, Schwartz SW, Adams JW, Hazard PB. A prospective, randomized, study comparing early percutaneous dilational tracheotomy to prolonged translaryngeal intubation (delayed tracheotomy) in critically ill medical patients. Crit Care Med 2004; 32(8): 1689–1694
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[42] |
Blot F, Similowski T, Trouillet JL, Chardon P, Korach JM, Costa MA, Journois D, Thiéry G, Fartoukh M, Pipien I, Bruder N, Orlikowski D, Tankere F, Durand-Zaleski I, Auboyer C, Nitenberg G, Holzapfel L, Tenaillon A, Chastre J, Laplanche A. Early tracheotomy versus prolonged endotracheal intubation in unselected severely ill ICU patients. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34(10): 1779–1787
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[43] |
Nieszkowska A, Combes A, Luyt CE, Ksibi H, Trouillet JL, Gibert C, Chastre J. Impact of tracheotomy on sedative administration, sedation level, and comfort of mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 2005; 33(11): 2527–2533
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[44] |
Kollef MH, Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF, Vo L, Schein J, Micek ST, Kim M. Epidemiology, microbiology and outcomes of healthcare-associated and community-acquired bacteremia: a multicenter cohort study. J Infect 2011; 62(2): 130–135
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[45] |
Moore CL, Hingwe A, Donabedian SM, Perri MB, Davis SL, Haque NZ, Reyes K, Vager D, Zervos MJ. Comparative evaluation of epidemiology and outcomes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) USA300 infections causing community- and healthcare-associated infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34(2): 148–155
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[46] |
Fujita T, Sakurai K. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for postoperative pneumonia. Am J Surg 1995; 169(3): 304–307
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[47] |
Liu C, Du Z, Zhou Q, Hu B, Li Z, Yu L, Xu T, Fan X, Yang J, Li J. Microscopic examination of intracellular organisms in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a prospective multi-center study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2014; 127(10): 1808–1813
Pubmed
|
/
〈 | 〉 |