Innovative development path of ethnomedicines: an overview of ethnomedicines in China
Zhaoyun Zhu, Ting Wang, Dehuan Fu, Yali Gui, Jingkun Wang, Tao Cui
Innovative development path of ethnomedicines: an overview of ethnomedicines in China
In the long history of disease prevention and treatment, ancestral populations worldwide have gained knowledge and experiences in traditional medicines. For instance, ethnomedicines of Chinese ethnic minorities constitute an important part of traditional medicines. In our study, we firstly clarified the concept of ethnomedicines and the connotations of ethnopharmacology. The particularity of ethnomedicine research were then summed up, and the development profiles of the ethnomedicines of Chinese ethnic minorities were discussed by investigating the current status and existing problems. On this basis, we abstracted the innovative development path of ethnomedicines for the first time, which was found to follows:resource study → standardized development research → industrialization of the achievements and efforts for internationalization. We found that platform establishment and team training are keys to achieving innovative development. Hence, this study provided a basis for ethnomedicine development.
traditional medicines / ethnomedicines / Chinese ethnic minorities / ethnopharmacology / research mode / innovative development path
[1] |
Yu Y, Ren K. Medicine and Health of Minorities in China. 1st ed. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press, 2006 (in Chinese)
|
[2] |
Pei SJ. Modernization of traditional Chinese medicine and heritage of folk medicine. Chin J Ethnomed Ethnopharm (Zhongguo Min Zu Min Jian Yi Yao) 2000; (1):1–3 (in Chinese)
|
[3] |
World Health Organization. Traditional Medicine Strategy of World Health Organization 2014–2023. Geneva: 2013
|
[4] |
Wei LX. Several characteristics of Chinese ethnic medicine. Proc Tradit Med International Conf (Chuan Tong Yi Yao Guo Ji Ke Ji Da Hui Lun Wen Ji) 2009: 41–42 (in Chinese)
|
[5] |
Pei SJ. Discussion on the research of Chinese ethnomedicines and the development of new drugs (Part 1). J Yunnan Coll Tradit Chin Med (Yunnan Zhong Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao) 2007; 30(3): 1–4 (in Chinese)
|
[6] |
Zhu GB. Theory of the Chinese Ethnic Medicine. 1st ed. Beijing: Chinese Medical Science and Technology Publishing House, 2006 (in Chinese)
|
[7] |
Wang AJ. Origin of ethnomdicines and Chinese medicine. West China J Pharm Sci (Hua Xi Yao Xue Za Zhi) 1997; 12(4): 284–285 (in Chinese)
|
[8] |
Li ZY, Li YW, Pu XL, Li LS. The relationship of traditional Chinese medicines and ethnomedicines. J Guiyang Coll Tradit Chin Med (Guiyang Zhong Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao) 2012; 34(1): 26–28 (in Chinese)
|
[9] |
Research group of ethnomedicines in Minzu University of China. Ethnomediciens. 1st ed. Beijing: China Economic Publishing House, 2013 (in Chinese)
|
[10] |
Bruhn JG, Holmstedt B. Ethnopharmacology, Objectives, Principles and Perspectives. In: Beal JL, Reinhard E. Natural Products as Medicinal Agents. Stuttgart: Hippokrates Verlag, 1981: 405– 430
|
[11] |
Hu SL. Exploring new areas in studying and comparing ethnopharmacology. Pharm Clin Chinese Mater Medica (Zhong Yao Yu Lin Chuang) 2010; 1(3): 1–3 (in Chinese)
|
[12] |
Zhang Y, Meng XL, Zhang J, Wang MW. Ethnopharmacology and drug development. World Sci Technol —Modernization of Tradit Chin Med (Shi Jie Ke Xue Ji Shu—Zhong Yi Yao Xian Dai Hua) 2005; 7(5):54–58 (in Chinese)
|
[13] |
Zhang HB, Liu TJ. Connotation and classification of folk medicine. J Med Pharm Chin Minorities (Zhongguo Min Zu Yi Yao Za Zhi) 2011; (4):71–73 (in Chinese)
|
[14] |
Liu YP. Tsuneo Namba on ethnopharmacology. Foreign Med Sci: Tradit Chin Med (Guo Wai Yi Xue—Zhong Yi Yao Fen Ce) 2001; 23(2): 77–80 (in Chinese)
|
[15] |
Zhang Y, Lai XR, Wang Z. Investigation of the connotation and extension of ethnopharmacology. Proc Tradit Med Int Conf (Chuan Tong Yi Yao Guo Ji Ke Ji Da Hui Lun Wen Ji) 2009: 79–83 (in Chinese)
|
[16] |
Wu XQ. Ethnopharmacology study of Saizhu as a Tibetan medicine. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2002 (in Chinese)
|
[17] |
Huai HY, Pei SJ, Xu JC. Commonly used method in study of ethnopharmacology. Chin J Ethnomed Ethnopharm (Zhongguo Min Zu Min Jian Yi Yao Za Zhi) 2000; (2):63–66 (in Chinese)
|
[18] |
Pei SJ. Application of ethnobotany in the study of folk medicine. J Med Pharm Chin Minorities (Zhongguo Min Zu Yi Yao Za Zhi) 2000; (47):316–319 (in Chinese)
|
[19] |
Yuan CQ, Xiao ZC. World Phytomedicines. 1st ed. Nanjing: Southeast University Press, 2013 (in Chinese)
|
[20] |
Yan L. Overview of traditional medicine in Asia Pacific region. Tradit Med Asia Pacific Region (Ya Tai Chuan Tong Yi Yao) 2005; GUIDE: 14–52 (in Chinese)
|
[21] |
Ngcobo M, Nkala B, Moodley I, Gqaleni N. Recommendations for the development of regulatory guidelines for registration of traditional medicines in South Africa. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2012; 9(1): 59–66
Pubmed
|
[22] |
Jia MR. International Traditional Medicines and Natural Medicines. Beijing: China Press of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2006 (in Chinese)
|
[23] |
The herbal medicine markets of major countries. Int Business Daily<Date> 2006-6-9</Date>(008) (in Chinese)
|
[24] |
Yan L. Road to Revival: Review of Traditional Medicine in the World and Internationalization of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Beijing: Rarebook Press of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2012 (in Chinese)
|
[25] |
World Health Organization. Traditional Medicine Strategy of World Health Organization 2002–2005. Geneva: 2002
|
[26] |
Knöss W, Chinou I. Regulation of medicinal plants for public health-European community monographs on herbal substances. Planta Med 2012; 78(12): 1311–1316
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[27] |
Qu L, Zou W, Zhou Z, Zhang T, Greef J, Wang M. Non-European traditional herbal medicines in Europe: a community herbal monograph perspective. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; (156): 107–114
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[28] |
Botanical Drug Review. FDA/CDER SBIA Chronicles<Date> 2015-11-17</Date>:1–2
|
[29] |
Miller LH, Su X. Artemisinin: discovery from the Chinese herbal garden. Cell 2011; 146(6): 855–858
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Yan XJ, Sun H. The Thinking and Practice of Internationalization of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Beijing: China Medical Science Press, 2014 (in Chinese)
|
[31] |
Zhang BL. The thinking on the development of Traditional Chinese Medicine and related problem. In: Chinese Academy of Engineering. The Methods and Strategy of Innovative Drug Research. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2015:11–15 (in Chinese)
|
[32] |
Zheng J, Qi JG. Tibetan Medicine in Yunnan. 1st ed. Kunming: Yunnan Science and Technology Publishing House, 2008 (in Chinese)
|
[33] |
Li ZY, Li YW, Cui J. A brief history of traditional medicine & pharmacy in Chinese minorities. Med Philosophy (Yi Xue Yu Zhe Xue) 2011; 32(7): 78–81 (in Chinese)
|
[34] |
Bar JT. Overview of Mongolian medicine history — four stages of development. J Med Pharm Chin Minorities (Zhongguo Min Zu Yi Yao Za Zhi) 2007; (1):1–5 (in Chinese)
|
[35] |
Wu YQ. Brief history of Miao medicine: Part 1. J Guiyang Coll Tradit Chin Med (Guiyang Zhong Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao) 2004; 26(4): 39–41 (in Chinese)
|
[36] |
Wu YQ. Brief history of Miao medicine: Part 2. J Guiyang Coll Tradit Chin Med (Guiyang Zhong Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao) 2005; 27(2): 58–59 (in Chinese)
|
[37] |
Chen RS. Research status and prospects of ethnomedicines of Chinese minorities. J Nangjing Univ Tradit Chin Med (Nanjing Zhong Yi Yao Da Xue Xue Bao) 2006; 7(2): 92–95 (in Chinese)
|
[38] |
Yan CY, Gu JW, Zong XM, Tong DC. Overview of Chinese ethnomedicine resources. Heilongjiang Med Pharm (Heilongjiang Yi Yao Ke Xue) 2003; 26(6): 46–47 (in Chinese)
|
[39] |
Li Y, Chen QH, He JL, Huang DC. Developmental research of ethnomedicines in Yunnan and its industry development. J Med Pharm Chin Minorities (Zhongguo Min Zu Yi Yao Za Zhi) 2012; (11):25–27 (in Chinese)
|
[40] |
Zhang WJ, Li ZQ, Jin YQ, Diqing JM, Lurong CC, Baima DZ. Trends of Yunnan Tibetan medicine. Proc China Med Association of Minorities Conf (Zhongguo Min Zu Yi Yao Xue Hui Shou Jie Yan Tao Hui Lun Wen Hui Bian) 1996:5–7 (in Chinese)
|
[41] |
Zhao JY, Ma KJ, Lu YH, Fang L, Zuo B, Guo Sm, Zuo ZL, Liu YH, Xia L. Medicine resources status, problems and recommendations for the minorities with small population in Yunnan. J Med Pharm Chin Minorities (Zhongguo Min Zu Yi Yao Za Zhi) 2012, (5):33–37 (in Chinese)
|
[42] |
Huang XL, Zhou YJ. 50 years of Tibetan medicine. Guangxi J Tradit Chin Med (Guangxi Zhong Yi Yao) 2002; 25(4): 36–39 (in Chinese)
|
[43] |
Zhao WH. Current situation of the development in Mongolian medicine. Chin Med Modern Dist Education China (Zhongguo Zhong Yi Yao Xian Dai Yuan Cheng Jiao Yu) 2012; 10(18): 147–148 (in Chinese)
|
[44] |
Wang TA. The new progress on the clinical use of Yunnan Baiyao. J Mod Med Health (Xian Dai Yi Yao Wei Sheng) 2012; 28(9): 1358–1359 (in Chinese)
|
[45] |
Yunnan Baiyao Group Co., Ltd. Research and application of Yunnan Baiyao. Kunming: Yunnan Science & Technology Press, 2014 (in Chinese)
|
[46] |
Yu MQ. The modern pharmacological effects and novel clinical use of Yunnan Baiyao. Chin J Ethomed Ethnopharm (Zhongguo Min Zu Min Jian Yi Yao) 2009; (9):64–65 (in Chinese)
|
[47] |
Wang C. The new progress of the research on the preparation forms of Yunnan Baiyao. Chin J Ethomed Ethnopharm (Zhongguo Min Zu Min Jian Yi Yao) 2012; (7):36–37 (in Chinese)
|
[48] |
Cui XY. Industrial development of special items for Chinese minorities. Baotou: Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, 2013 (in Chinese)
|
[49] |
Li F. The sale of Guizhou Miao ethnomedicines was up to 15 billion yuan last year. China News of Traditional Chinese Medicine, <Date>2014-5-14</Date>(1) (in Chinese)
|
[50] |
Yunnan Baiyao Group Co., Ltd. 2015 Annual Report of Yunnan Baiyao Group Co., Ltd. Kunming: Yunnan Baiyao Group, 2016 (in Chinese)
|
[51] |
Guizhou Yibai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 2015 Annual Report of Guizhou Yibai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Guiyang: Yibai Pharmaceutical, 2016 (in Chinese)
|
[52] |
Fan CF. Development path of ethnomedicine industry. Beijing: Minzu University of China, 2010 (in Chinese)
|
[53] |
Li JD. Prospects of industry in traditional Chinese ethnic medicine. Modern Marketing 2011; (7):196–197 (in Chinese)
|
[54] |
Yang LM, Yang LL, Zhang P, Zhang M, Tao XY. Innovation and Development in Minority Pharmaceutical Industry. Forward Position (Qian Yan) 2012; (1):164–166 (in Chinese)
|
[55] |
Zhan D. Problems and consideration in the inheritance and development of Tibetan medicine. Tibet Sci Technol (Xizang Ke Ji) 2009; (1):44–45 (in Chinese)
|
[56] |
Yi LB. Current situation and development of Dai medical research. J Med Pharm Chin Minorities (Zhongguo Min Zu Yi Yao Za Zhi) 2009; (10):7–9 (in Chinese)
|
[57] |
Hu SP, Liu TX. Analysis of the current situation and problems of the development of ethnic medicine. J Minzu University China (Zhong Yang Min Zu Da Xue Xue Bao) 2011; 20(1): 76–81 (in Chinese)
|
[58] |
Wang XY, Zhuoma B, Liu CS, Qiao YJ. Opinion on modernization of traditional ethnic Medicine. Chin J Ethomed Ethnopharm (Zhongguo Min Zu Min Jian Yi Yao) 2011; (2):3–4 (in Chinese)
|
[59] |
Zhu JQ. Opportunities and challenges in the development of Chinese ethnic medicine. China J Chin Mater Med (Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi) 2008; 33(24): 2295–2297 (in Chinese)
|
[60] |
Ren XQ. Thinking of the situation and development strategic in China’s ethnic pharmaceutical policies. J Med Pharm Chin Minorities (Zhongguo Min Zu Yi Yao Za Zhi) 2012; (6):65–67 (in Chinese)
|
/
〈 | 〉 |