Bromide and its associated brominated disinfection byproducts: occurrence, toxicity and control strategies

Highlights

	● The concentrations of bromide exhibit higher levels in coastal and arid regions.
	● Aldehydes and nitrogenous Br-DBPs showed elevated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.
	● Bromide can increase the toxicity in various disinfection processes.
	● Current strategies for Br-DBPs control, e.g., H2O2, NH3, and UV, are all inadequate.

Abstract

The use of chemical disinfectants inactivates pathogens, but it also leads to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) exhibit a high level of toxicity, so a comprehensive understanding of their generation, toxicity and control strategies is needed. This study examines the research papers covering bromide concentrations in surface water, groundwater, or wastewater, involving 380 sampling sites. Additionally, the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and developmental toxicity of Br-DBPs are summarized. The formation mechanisms of Br-DBPs in ozonation, chlorine-based, and persulfate-based disinfection processes are summarized, and an evaluation of control strategies for Br-DBPs and their associated toxicity is provided. The concentrations of bromide in surface water, groundwater, and wastewater in coastal areas are generally higher than those in inland areas, which are also affected by climate, topography, and the source of water. The toxicity of different types of Br-DBPs is different. The elevation of bromide concentration enhances the water toxicity, particularly in relation to ozonation. The introduction of 1000 μg/L bromide results in a 3.06-fold increase in cytotoxicity and a 4.72-fold increase in genotoxicity. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and ammonia (NH₃–N) exhibit effective bromate control, but H₂O₂ demonstrates limits efficacy in controlling Br-DBPs, while NH₃–N poses the risk of increased toxicity, up to a 2.86-fold increase in genotoxicity. Ultraviolet/ozone (UV/O₃) and Ultraviolet/persulfate (UV/PS) can effectively control Br-DBPs and toxicity but may promote bromate generation. This review will deepen the understanding of Br-DBPs and their toxicity generation behavior, thereby contributing to the further optimization and development of processes for Br-DBPs control.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Bromide / Bromate / Br-DBPs / Toxicity / Control strategy

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52170044) and Technology Innovation Research and Development Project of Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau (China) (No. 2024-YF05-01366-SN).

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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