Application of nanozymes in problematic biofilm control: progress, challenges and prospects

Highlights

● The milestones underlying studies and mechanisms are summarized.

● Problematic biofilms can be removed by nanozymes through multiple strategies.

● Surface reactivity regulation can improve the antibiofilm efficiency of nanozymes.

● Machine learning-assisted nanozyme design can help improve treatment efficiency.

Abstract

Current microbial control strategies face challenges in keeping up with the escalation of microbial problems due to the presence of biofilms. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective and robust strategies to control problematic biofilms in water treatment and reuse systems. Nanozymes, which have intrinsic biocatalytic activity and broad antibacterial spectra, hold promise for controlling resilient biofilms. This review summarizes the milestones of nanozyme studies and their applications as antibiofilm agents. The mechanisms behind the antibacterial, quorum quenching, and depolymerizing properties of nanozymes with different enzyme activities are discussed. Notably, the surface and composition of nanozymes are crucial for their efficacy in biofilm control; thus, rationally designed nanozymes can increase their effectiveness. Additionally, the challenges of nanozymes as antibiofilm agents in realistic scenarios are investigated along with proposed strategies to overcome these challenges. Prospects of nanozyme-based biofilm control, such as machine learning-assisted nanozyme design, are also discussed. Overall, this review highlights the potential of nanozymes as antibiofilm agents and provides insights into the future design of nanozymes for biofilm control.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Nanozymes / Biofilm / Antibacterial mechanisms / Rational design / Machine learning

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52030003 and 32302244), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2022YFC3203805 and 2022YFC3704700), and the Starry Night Science Fund of Zhejiang University Shanghai Institute (China) for Advanced Study.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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