Spatiotemporal characteristics and Monte Carlo simulation-based human health risk of heavy metals in soils from a typical coal-mining city in eastern China

Highlights

● The spatiotemporal distribution of soil heavy metals from mining area was analyzed.

● The potential ecological risk of heavy metals in soil of Huainan mining area was analyzed.

● Monte Carlo method was used to analyze the health risks of heavy metals to humans.

Abstract

Mining activities typically discharge considerable amounts of heavy metals into the environment, raising concerns about soil metal pollution, environmental security, and human well-being. Therefore, a systematic regional-scale investigation of soil heavy metal pollution in mining areas is necessary for soil management. In this study, 5817 soil samples from the Huainan coal mining area collected for studies conducted from 2000 to 2021 were compiled to quantify the pollution level and spatiotemporal variation of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, Hg, Ni, and Mn). The associated ecological health risk of heavy metals in soil was assessed using the Hakanson ecological hazard index, Monte Carlo simulation in conjunction with the total hazard quotient, and the hazard index. Cd was the top contaminant, followed by Hg. In terms of spatial distribution, heavy metal contamination was more severe in the eastern area of Fengtai and Datong districts, because these districts of Anhui Province are significant industrial regions. In addition, the results of the Monte Carlo evaluation of human health risks showed that the total noncarcinogenic risk of heavy metals in soil is below the acceptable level, while the carcinogenic risk was 5.97% for adults and 15.53% for children. As accounted for 57.4% of noncarcinogenic risk, Cr contributed 36.1% of carcinogenic risk. Compared with adults, children are more vulnerable to the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks posed by heavy metals, with oral consumption being the primary exposure route. This research can provide useful details for protecting the environment and managing soil in a coal mining area.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Heavy metals / Spatiotemporal distribution / Ecological health risk assessment / Monte Carlo simulation / Coal mining area

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Ecological environment research project of Anhui Province (No. 2023hb0007), Natural Science Foundation of the Education Department of Anhui Province (No. 2023AH050984), Yangtze River Ecological Protection Project (No. 2022-LHYJ-02-0504-02), Special Fund for Anhui Agriculture Research System.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1882-6 and is accessible for authorized users.

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