Research progress and prospect of low-carbon biological technology for nitrate removal in wastewater treatment

Highlights

● n-DAMO achieves simultaneous nitrogen removal and methane emission reduction.

● Photosynthetic microorganisms achieve negative carbon emission by absorbing CO₂.

● PEDeN is an emerging low-carbon denitrification technology using photoelectrons.

● Solar-driven low-carbon nitrogen removal system is the future trend.

Abstract

Wastewater treatment plants are the major energy consumers and significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions, among which biological nitrogen removal of wastewater is an important contributor to carbon emissions. However, traditional heterotrophic denitrification still has the problems of excessive residual sludge and the requirement of external carbon sources. Consequently, the development of innovative low-carbon nitrate removal technologies is necessary. This review outlines the key roles of sulfur autotrophic denitrification and hydrogen autotrophic denitrification in low-carbon wastewater treatment. The discovered nitrate/nitrite dependent anaerobic methane oxidation enables sustainable methane emission reduction and nitrogen removal by utilizing available methane in situ. Photosynthetic microorganisms exhibited a promising potential to achieve carbon-negative nitrate removal. Specifically, the algal-bacterial symbiosis system and photogranules offer effective and prospective low-carbon options for nitrogen removal. Then, the emerging nitrate removal technology of photoelectrotrophic denitrification and the underlying photoelectron transfer mechanisms are discussed. Finally, we summarize and prospect these technologies, highlighting that solar-driven biological nitrogen removal technology is a promising area for future sustainable wastewater treatment. This review has important guiding significance for the design of low-carbon wastewater treatment systems.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Carbon emissions / Low-carbon / Biological nitrogen removal / Denitrification

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2022YFC3203003) and the National Natural Science Foundations of China (Nos. 52270016 and 51721006).

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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