Application of machine learning models in groundwater quality assessment and prediction: progress and challenges

Highlights

● The application of ML in groundwater quality assessment and prediction is reviewed.

● Bibliometric analysis is performed and summarized to promote application.

● The details of the application of ML in GQAP are comprehensively summarized.

● Challenges and opportunities of using ML models in GQAP are discussed.

Abstract

Groundwater quality assessment and prediction (GQAP) is vital for protecting groundwater resources. Traditional GQAP methods can not adequately capture the complex relationships among attributes and have the disadvantage of being computationally demanding. Recently, the application of machine learning (ML) in GAQP (GQAPxML) has been widely studied due to ML’s reliability and efficiency. While many GQAPxML publications exist, a thorough review is missing. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the development of ML applications in the field of GQAP. First, the workflow of ML modeling is briefly introduced, as are data preparation, model development, model evaluation, and model application. Second, 299 publications related to the topic are filtered, mainly through ML modeling. Subsequently, many aspects of GQAPxML, such as publication trends, the spatial distribution of study areas, the size of data sets, and ML algorithms, are discussed from a bibliometric perspective. In addition, we review in detail the well-established applications and recent findings for several subtopics, including groundwater quality assessment, groundwater quality modeling using groundwater quality parameters, groundwater quality spatial mapping, probability estimation of exceeding the groundwater quality threshold, groundwater quality temporal prediction, and the hybrid use of ML and physics-based models. Finally, the development of GQAPxML is explored from three perspectives: data collection and preprocessing, model building and evaluation, and the broadening of model applications. This review provides a reference for environmental scientists to better understand GQAPxML and promotes the development of innovative methods and improvements in modeling quality.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Groundwater quality assessment / Groundwater quality prediction / Machine learning / Groundwater modeling

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (Nos. 2019YFC1803900 and 2018ZX07109-002).

Data Accessibility Statement

The data or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Prof. Qing Hu, upon reasonable request.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1789-2 and is accessible for authorized users.

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