Impact factors and pathways of halonitromethanes formation from aspartic acid during LED-UV265/chlorine disinfection

Liangwen Zhu, Tao Wang, Qian Tang, Qing Wang, Lin Deng, Jun Hu, Chaoqun Tan, Rajendra Prasad Singh

PDF(5139 KB)
PDF(5139 KB)
Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. ›› 2024, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (1) : 10. DOI: 10.1007/s11783-024-1770-0
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Impact factors and pathways of halonitromethanes formation from aspartic acid during LED-UV265/chlorine disinfection

Author information +
History +

Highlights

● Cu2+ promoted the formation of HNMs during LED-UV265/chlorine disinfection.

● Increasing Br significantly influenced the production and species of HNMs.

● Formation pathways of HNMs were proposed during LED-UV265/chlorine disinfection.

● The formation laws of HNMs in real water were similar to that in simulated water.

● LED-UV265 can replace the mercury lamp during UV/chlorine disinfection.

Abstract

Light emitting diode (LED-UV)/chlorine disinfection can replace UV/chlorine disinfection in wastewater treatment plants and water supply plants. Halonitromethanes (HNMs) are a class of novel nitrogenous disinfection by-products, which are characterized by higher cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than regulated disinfection by-products. Herein, the impact factors and pathways of HNMs formation from aspartic acid (ASP) were investigated during LED-UV265/chlorine disinfection. The results showed that three types of chlorinated-HNMs (Cl-HNMs) were found during LED-UV265/chlorine disinfection, and their concentrations increased first and then declined as the reaction progressed. Cl-HNMs yields increased with increasing LED-UV265 intensity, free chlorine dosage, and ASP concentration, which declined with increasing pH (6.0–8.0). Meantime, the important impact of the coexisting ions contained in water matrices on HNMs formation from ASP was observed during LED-UV265/chlorine disinfection. It was found that copper ions (Cu2+) promoted Cl-HNMs formation. Furthermore, when bromide (Br) appeared during LED-UV265/chlorine disinfection, nine types of HNMs were detected simultaneously. Moreover, Br not only converted Cl-HNMs toward brominated (chlorinated)-HNMs and brominated-HNMs but also showed a marked effect on HNMs concentrations and species. Subsequently, the possible pathways of HNMs formation from ASP were proposed during LED-UV265/chlorine disinfection. At last, it was proved that the formation trends of HNMs obtained in the real waters were similar to those in simulated waters. This work elaborated on the influence factors and pathways of HNMs formation, which is conducive to controlling the HNMs produced during LED-UV265/chlorine disinfection.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

LED-UV265/chlorine / HNMs / Aspartic acid / Bromide / Copper ions

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Liangwen Zhu, Tao Wang, Qian Tang, Qing Wang, Lin Deng, Jun Hu, Chaoqun Tan, Rajendra Prasad Singh. Impact factors and pathways of halonitromethanes formation from aspartic acid during LED-UV265/chlorine disinfection. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(1): 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1770-0

References

[1]
Beltran F J, Ovejero G, Garcia-Araya J F, Rivas J. (1995). Oxidation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in water. 2. UV radiation and ozonation in the presence of UV radiation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 34(5): 1607–1615
CrossRef Google scholar
[2]
Bolton J R, Stefan M I, Shaw P S, Lykke K R. (2011). Determination of the quantum yields of the potassium ferrioxalate and potassium iodide–iodate actinometers and a method for the calibration of radiometer detectors. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A, Chemistry, 222(1): 166–169
CrossRef Google scholar
[3]
BondT, Templeton M R, GrahamN (2012). Precursors of nitrogenous disinfection by-products in drinking water: a critical review and analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 235–236: 1–16
CrossRef Google scholar
[4]
Brosillon S, Lemasle M, Renault E, Tozza D, Heim V, Laplanche A. (2009). Analysis and occurrence of odorous disinfection by-products from chlorination of amino acids in three different drinking water treatment plants and corresponding distribution networks. Chemosphere, 77(8): 1035–1042
CrossRef Google scholar
[5]
Bu L, Chen X, Wu Y, Zhou S. (2023). Enhanced formation of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol during chlorination after UV/chlorine process: Free amino acid versus oligopeptide. Separation and Purification Technology, 310: 123119
CrossRef Google scholar
[6]
Carra I, Fernandez Lozano J, Autin O, Bolton J R, Jarvis P. (2020). Disinfection by-product formation during UV/chlorine treatment of pesticides in a novel UV-LED reactor at 285 nm and the mitigation impact of GAC treatment. Science of the Total Environment, 712: 136413
CrossRef Google scholar
[7]
Carter R A A, Liew D S, West N, Heitz A, Joll C A. (2019). Simultaneous analysis of haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides and halonitromethanes in chlorinated waters by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chemosphere, 220: 314–323
CrossRef Google scholar
[8]
Chen H, Yin J, Zhu M, Cao C, Gong T, Xian Q. (2016). Cold on-column injection coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for determining halonitromethanes in drinking water. Analytical Methods, 8(2): 362–370
CrossRef Google scholar
[9]
Chen Y, Jafari I, Zhong Y, Chee M J, Hu J. (2022). Degradation of organics and formation of DBPs in the combined LED-UV and chlorine processes: effects of water matrix and fluorescence analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 846: 157454
CrossRef Google scholar
[10]
Chu W, Krasner S W, Gao N, Templeton M R, Yin D. (2016). Contribution of the antibiotic chloramphenicol and its analogues as precursors of dichloroacetamide and other disinfection byproducts in drinking water. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(1): 388–396
CrossRef Google scholar
[11]
Chu W H, Gao N Y, Deng Y, Dong B Z. (2009). Formation of chloroform during chlorination of alanine in drinking water. Chemosphere, 77(10): 1346–1351
CrossRef Google scholar
[12]
Chung C M, Hong S W, Cho K, Hoffmann M R. (2018). Degradation of organic compounds in wastewater matrix by electrochemically generated reactive chlorine species: kinetics and selectivity. Catalysis Today, 313: 189–195
CrossRef Google scholar
[13]
DebordeM, von Gunten U (2008). Reactions of chlorine with inorganic and organic compounds during water treatment—Kinetics and mechanisms: a critical review. Water Research, 42(1–2): 13–51
CrossRef Google scholar
[14]
Deng L, Huang C H, Wang Y L. (2014a). Effects of combined UV and chlorine treatment on the formation of trichloronitromethane from amine precursors. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(5): 2697–2705
CrossRef Google scholar
[15]
Deng L, Huang T, Wen L, Hu J, Prasad Singh R, Tan C. (2022a). Impact of bromide ion on the formation and transformation of halonitromethanes from poly(diallyldimethy lammonium chloride) during the UV/chlorine treatment. Separation and Purification Technology, 287: 120520
CrossRef Google scholar
[16]
Deng L, Liao X, Shen J, Xu B. (2020). Effects of amines on the formation and photodegradation of DCNM under UV/chlorine disinfection. Scientific Reports, 10: 12602
CrossRef Google scholar
[17]
Deng L, Luo W, Chi X, Huang T, Wen L, Dong H, Wu M, Hu J. (2022b). Formation of halonitromethanes from methylamine in the presence of bromide during UV/Cl2 disinfection. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 117: 28–36
CrossRef Google scholar
[18]
Deng L, Wen L, Dai W, Singh R P. (2018). Impact of tryptophan on the formation of TCNM in the process of UV/chlorine disinfection. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 25(23): 23227–23235
CrossRef Google scholar
[19]
Deng L, Wu Z, Yang C, Wang Y L. (2014b). Photodegradation of trace trichloronitromethane in water under UV irradiation. Journal of Chemistry, 2014: 283496
CrossRef Google scholar
[20]
Dong H, Qiang Z, Hu J, Qu J. (2017). Degradation of chloramphenicol by UV/chlorine treatment: kinetics, mechanism and enhanced formation of halonitromethanes. Water Research, 121: 178–185
CrossRef Google scholar
[21]
Dotson A, Westerhoff P. (2009). Occurrence and removal of amino acids during drinking water treatment. Journal−American Water Works Association, 101(9): 101–115
CrossRef Google scholar
[22]
Fang C, Ding S, Gai S, Xiao R, Wu Y, Geng B, Chu W. (2019). Effect of oxoanions on oxidant decay, bromate and brominated disinfection by-product formation during chlorination in the presence of copper corrosion products. Water Research, 166: 115087
CrossRef Google scholar
[23]
Fang J, Fu Y, Shang C. (2014). The Roles of Reactive Species in micropollutant degradation in the UV/free chlorine system. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(3): 1859–1868
CrossRef Google scholar
[24]
FuZ, FengC, ZhaoX (2019). Ecological risks and management countermeasures of copper and zinc in water environment of China. Environmental Engineering, 37(11): 70–74 (in Chinese)
[25]
Gao Z C, Lin Y L, Xu B, Xia Y, Hu C Y, Zhang T Y, Qian H, Cao T C, Gao N Y. (2020). Effect of bromide and iodide on halogenated by-product formation from different organic precursors during UV/chlorine processes. Water Research, 182: 116035
CrossRef Google scholar
[26]
Guo K, Wu Z, Shang C, Yao B, Hou S, Yang X, Song W, Fang J. (2017). Radical chemistry and structural relationships of PPCP degradation by UV/chlorine treatment in simulated drinking water. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(18): 10431–10439
CrossRef Google scholar
[27]
Guo K, Zheng S, Zhang X, Zhao L, Ji S, Chen C, Wu Z, Wang D, Fang J. (2020). Roles of bromine radicals and hydroxyl radicals in the degradation of micropollutants by the UV/bromine process. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(10): 6415–6426
CrossRef Google scholar
[28]
Heller-Grossman L, Idin A, Limoni-Relis B, Rebhun M. (1999). Formation of cyanogen bromide and other volatile DBPs in the disinfection of bromide-rich lake water. Environmental Science & Technology, 33(6): 932–937
CrossRef Google scholar
[29]
How Z T, Kristiana I, Busetti F, Linge K L, Joll C A. (2017). Organic chloramines in chlorine-based disinfected water systems: a critical review. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 58: 2–18
CrossRef Google scholar
[30]
Hu J, Qiang Z, Dong H, Qu J. (2016). Enhanced formation of bromate and brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination of bromide-containing waters under catalysis of copper corrosion products. Water Research, 98: 302–308
CrossRef Google scholar
[31]
Huang C H, Stone A T. (2000). Synergistic catalysis of dimetilan hydrolysis by metal ions and organic ligands. Environmental Science & Technology, 34(19): 4117–4122
CrossRef Google scholar
[32]
Huang T, Deng L, Wang T, Liao X, Hu J, Tan C, Singh R P. (2022). Effects of bromide ion on the formation and toxicity alteration of halonitromethanes from nitrate containing humic acid water during UV/chlor(am)ine disinfection. Water Research, 225: 119175
CrossRef Google scholar
[33]
Jarvis P, Autin O, Goslan E H, Hassard F. (2019). Application of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LED) to full-scale drinking-water disinfection. Water (Basel), 11(9): 1894
CrossRef Google scholar
[34]
Jiang J, Han J, Zhang X. (2020). Nonhalogenated aromatic DBPs in drinking water chlorination: a gap between NOM and halogenated aromatic DBPs. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(3): 1646–1656
CrossRef Google scholar
[35]
Jiang X, Wang W, Wang S, Zhang B, Hu J. (2012). Initial identification of heavy metals contamination in Taihu Lake, a eutrophic lake in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences−China, 24(9): 1539–1548
CrossRef Google scholar
[36]
Kacmaz H. (2020). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in natural waters of Dereli, Giresun: An area containing mineral deposits in northeastern Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(2): 91
CrossRef Google scholar
[37]
Kong X, Wu Z, Ren Z, Guo K, Hou S, Hua Z, Li X, Fang J. (2018). Degradation of lipid regulators by the UV/chlorine process: Radical mechanisms, chlorine oxide radical (ClO•)-mediated transformation pathways and toxicity changes. Water Research, 137: 242–250
CrossRef Google scholar
[38]
Kuipers B J, Gruppen H. (2007). Prediction of molar extinction coefficients of proteins and peptides using UV absorption of the constituent amino acids at 214 nm to enable quantitative reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography− mass spectrometry analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(14): 5445–5451
CrossRef Google scholar
[39]
Li G Q, Huo Z Y, Wu Q Y, Chen Z, Wu Y H, Lu Y, Hu H Y. (2022). Photolysis of free chlorine and production of reactive radicals in the UV/chlorine system using polychromatic spectrum LEDs as UV sources. Chemosphere, 286: 131828
CrossRef Google scholar
[40]
Li T, Jiang Y, An X, Liu H, Hu C, Qu J. (2016). Transformation of humic acid and halogenated byproduct formation in UV-chlorine processes. Water Research, 102: 421–427
CrossRef Google scholar
[41]
Liang J, Luo Y, Li B, Liu S, Yang L, Gao P, Feng L, Liu Y, Du Z, Zhang L. (2022). Removal efficiencies of natural and synthetic progesterones in hospital wastewater treated by different disinfection processes. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 16(10): 126
[42]
Liu C, Croué J P. (2016). Formation of bromate and halogenated disinfection byproducts during chlorination of bromide-containing waters in the presence of dissolved organic matter and CuO. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(1): 135–144
CrossRef Google scholar
[43]
Liu G, Lu Y, Shi L, Zhang M, Chen M. (2022). Chlorine disinfection reduces the exposure risks of inhaled reclaimed water. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 20(6): 3397–3403
CrossRef Google scholar
[44]
Liu J, Zhang X. (2014). Comparative toxicity of new halophenolic DBPs in chlorinated saline wastewater effluents against a marine alga: halophenolic DBPs are generally more toxic than haloaliphatic ones. Water Research, 65: 64–72
CrossRef Google scholar
[45]
Lu J, Yang P, Dong W, Ji Y, Huang Q. (2018). Enhanced formation of chlorinated disinfection byproducts in the UV/chlorine process in the presence of benzophenone-4. Chemical Engineering Journal, 351: 304–311
CrossRef Google scholar
[46]
Magazinovic R S, Nicholson B C, Mulcahy D E, Davey D E. (2004). Bromide levels in natural waters: Its relationship to levels of both chloride and total dissolved solids and the implications for water treatment. Chemosphere, 57(4): 329–335
CrossRef Google scholar
[47]
Matafonova G, Batoev V. (2018). Recent advances in application of UV light-emitting diodes for degrading organic pollutants in water through advanced oxidation processes: a review. Water Research, 132: 177–189
CrossRef Google scholar
[48]
Murrieta M F, Brillas E, Nava J L, Sirés I. (2020). Photo-assisted electrochemical production of HClO and Fe2+ as Fenton-like reagents in chloride media for sulfamethoxazole degradation. Separation and Purification Technology, 250: 117236
CrossRef Google scholar
[49]
Pan Y, Cheng S, Yang X, Ren J, Fang J, Shang C, Song W, Lian L, Zhang X. (2017). UV/chlorine treatment of carbamazepine: transformation products and their formation kinetics. Water Research, 116: 254–265
CrossRef Google scholar
[50]
Pan Y, Zhang X. (2013). Four groups of new aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts: Effect of bromide concentration on their formation and speciation in chlorinated drinking water. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(3): 1265–1273
CrossRef Google scholar
[51]
Pandey A, Shin W J, Gim J, Hovden R, Mi Z. (2020). High-efficiency AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN tunnel junction ultraviolet light-emitting diodes. Photonics Research, 8(3): 331–337
CrossRef Google scholar
[52]
Plewa M J, Muellner M G, Richardson S D, Fasano F, Buettner K M, Woo Y T, Mckague A B, Wagner E D. (2008). Occurrence, synthesis, and mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of haloacetamides: An emerging class of nitrogenous drinking water disinfection byproducts. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(3): 955–961
CrossRef Google scholar
[53]
Qian Y, Chen Y, Hu Y, Hanigan D, Westerhoff P, An D. (2021). Formation and control of C-and N-DBPs during disinfection of filter backwash and sedimentation sludge water in drinking water treatment. Water Research, 194: 116964
CrossRef Google scholar
[54]
Qin W, Liu Z, Lin Z, Wang Y, Dong H, Yuan X, Qiang Z, Xia D. (2022). Unraveling the multiple roles of VUV mediated hydroxyl radical in VUV/UV/chlorine process: kinetic simulation, mechanistic consideration and byproducts formation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 446: 137066
CrossRef Google scholar
[55]
Ra J, Yoom H, Son H, Hwang T M, Lee Y. (2019). Transformation of an amine moiety of atenolol during water treatment with chlorine/UV: reaction kinetics, products, and mechanisms. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(13): 7653–7662
CrossRef Google scholar
[56]
Reckhow D A, Singer P C, Malcolm R L. (1990). Chlorination of humic materials: byproduct formation and chemical interpretations. Environmental Science & Technology, 24(11): 1655–1664
CrossRef Google scholar
[57]
RichardsonS D, PlewaM J, WagnerE D, SchoenyR, Demarini D M (2007). Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: a review and roadmap for research. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 636(1–3): 178–242
CrossRef Google scholar
[58]
Shah A D, Mitch W A. (2012). Halonitroalkanes, halonitriles, haloamides, and N-Nitrosamines: a critical review of nitrogenous disinfection byproduct formation pathways. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(1): 119–131
CrossRef Google scholar
[59]
Shan J, Hu J, Sule Kaplan-Bekaroglu S, Song H, Karanfil T. (2012). The effects of pH, bromide and nitrite on halonitromethane and trihalomethane formation from amino acids and amino sugars. Chemosphere, 86(4): 323–328
CrossRef Google scholar
[60]
Sobhanardakani S, Parvizimosaed H, Olyaie E. (2013). Heavy metals removal from wastewaters using organic solid waste—rice husk. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 20(8): 5265–5271
CrossRef Google scholar
[61]
Song H, Addison J W, Hu J, Karanfil T. (2010). Halonitromethanes formation in wastewater treatment plant effluents. Chemosphere, 79(2): 174–179
CrossRef Google scholar
[62]
Sun H, Song X, Ye T, Hu J, Hong H, Chen J, Lin H, Yu H. (2018). Formation of disinfection by-products during chlorination of organic matter from phoenix tree leaves and Chlorella vulgaris. Environmental Pollution, 243: 1887–1893
CrossRef Google scholar
[63]
Sun Y T, Chen J D, Wei Z H, Chen Y K, Shao C L, Zhou J F. (2023). Copper ion removal from aqueous media using banana peel biochar/Fe3O4/branched polyethyleneimine. Colloids and Surfaces. A, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 658: 130736
CrossRef Google scholar
[64]
Tay K S, Mansor N A. (2022). The fate of tolfenamic acid in conventional chlorination and UV/chlorination process. Chemicke Zvesti, 76(11): 6869–6877
CrossRef Google scholar
[65]
Usman M, Malik S, Hussain M, Jamal H, Khan M A. (2021). Improving AlGaN-based ultraviolet-C (UV–C) light-emitting diodes by introducing quaternary-graded AlInGaN final quantum barrier. Optical Materials, 112: 110745
CrossRef Google scholar
[66]
Venditto T, Manoli K, Ray A K, Sarathy S. (2022). Combined sewer overflow treatment: assessing chemical pre-treatment and microsieve-based filtration in enhancing the performance of UV disinfection. Science of the Total Environment, 807: 150725
CrossRef Google scholar
[67]
Wang L, Ye C, Guo L, Chen C, Kong X, Chen Y, Shu L, Wang P, Yu X, Fang J. (2021). Assessment of the UV/chlorine process in the disinfection of pseudomonas aeruginosa: efficiency and mechanism. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(13): 9221–9230
CrossRef Google scholar
[68]
Wang T, Deng L, Dai W, Hu J, Singh R P, Tan C. (2022). Formation of brominated halonitromethanes from threonine involving bromide ion during the UV/chlorine disinfection. Journal of Cleaner Production, 373: 133897
CrossRef Google scholar
[69]
Wang T, Deng L, Shen J, Tan C, Hu J, Singh R P. (2023). Formation, toxicity, and mechanisms of halonitromethanes from poly (diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) during UV/monochloramine disinfection in the absence and presence of bromide ion. Journal of Environmental Management, 338: 117819
CrossRef Google scholar
[70]
Wang X, Hu X, Wang H, Hu C. (2012). Synergistic effect of the sequential use of UV irradiation and chlorine to disinfect reclaimed water. Water Research, 46(4): 1225–1232
CrossRef Google scholar
[71]
Wu H, Tian C, Zhang Y, Yang C, Zhang S, Jiang Z. (2015). Stereoselective assembly of amino acid-based metal-biomolecule nanofibers. Chemical Communications (Cambridge), 51(29): 6329–6332
CrossRef Google scholar
[72]
Xu M, Deng J, Cai A, Ye C, Ma X, Li Q, Zhou S, Li X. (2021). Synergistic effects of UVC and oxidants (PS vs. Chlorine) on carbamazepine attenuation: mechanism, pathways, DBPs yield and toxicity assessment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 413: 127533
CrossRef Google scholar
[73]
Yeom Y, Han J, Zhang X, Shang C, Zhang T, Li X, Duan X, Dionysiou D D. (2021). A review on the degradation efficiency, DBP formation, and toxicity variation in the UV/chlorine treatment of micropollutants. Chemical Engineering Journal, 424: 130053
CrossRef Google scholar
[74]
Zhang H, Andrews S A. (2012). Catalysis of copper corrosion products on chlorine decay and HAA formation in simulated distribution systems. Water Research, 46(8): 2665–2673
CrossRef Google scholar
[75]
Zhang T Y, Lin Y L, Xu B, Cheng T, Xia S J, Chu W H, Gao N Y. (2016). Formation of organic chloramines during chlor(am)ination and UV/chlor(am)ination of algae organic matter in drinking water. Water Research, 103: 189–196
CrossRef Google scholar
[76]
Zhang X, Pehkonen S O, Kocherginsky N, Andrew Ellis G. (2002). Copper corrosion in mildly alkaline water with the disinfectant monochloramine. Corrosion Science, 44(11): 2507–2528
CrossRef Google scholar
[77]
Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Lim T T. (2019). UV direct photolysis of halogenated disinfection byproducts: experimental study and QSAR modeling. Chemosphere, 235: 719–725
CrossRef Google scholar
[78]
Zhao H, Huang C, Zhong C, Du P, Sun P. (2022). Enhanced formation of trihalomethane disinfection byproducts from halobenzoquinones under combined UV/chlorine conditions. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 16(6): 76
[79]
Zheng Z, Man J H K, Lo I M C. (2022). Integrating reactive chlorine species generation with H2 evolution in a multifunctional photoelectrochemical system for low operational carbon emissions saline sewage treatment. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(22): 16156–16166
CrossRef Google scholar
[80]
Zhou Y, Ye Z X, Huang H, Liu Y D, Zhong R. (2021). Formation mechanism of chloropicrin from amines and free amino acids during chlorination: a combined computational and experimental study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 416: 125819
CrossRef Google scholar
[81]
Zhu Y, Wang C, Andrews S, Hofmann R. (2022). Effect of UV/chlorine oxidation on disinfection byproduct formation from diverse model compounds. ACS ES&T Water, 2(4): 573–582
CrossRef Google scholar

Acknowledgements

This study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22076023 and 21677032) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China) (Nos. 2242022k30030 and 2242022k30031). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

Declaration of Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1770-0 and is accessible for authorized users.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2024 Higher Education Press
AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF(5139 KB)

Accesses

Citations

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/