Technologies for pollutant removal and resource recovery from blackwater: a review

Highlights

● Blackwater is the main source of organics and nutrients in domestic wastewater.

● Various treatment methods can be applied for resource recovery from blackwater.

● Blackwater treatment systems of high integration and efficiency are the future trend.

● More research is needed for the practical use of blackwater treatment systems.

Abstract

Blackwater (BW), consisting of feces, urine, flushing water and toilet paper, makes up an important portion of domestic wastewater. The improper disposal of BW may lead to environmental pollution and disease transmission, threatening the sustainable development of the world. Rich in nutrients and organic matter, BW could be treated for resource recovery and reuse through various approaches. Aimed at providing guidance for the future development of BW treatment and resource recovery, this paper presented a literature review of BWs produced in different countries and types of toilets, including their physiochemical characteristics, and current treatment and resource recovery strategies. The degradation and utilization of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) within BW are underlined. The performance of different systems was classified and summarized. Among all the treating systems, biological and ecological systems have been long and widely applied for BW treatment, showing their universality and operability in nutrients and energy recovery, but they are either slow or ineffective in removal of some refractory pollutants. Novel processes, especially advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are becoming increasingly extensively studied in BW treatment because of their high efficiency, especially for the removal of micropollutants and pathogens. This review could serve as an instructive guidance for the design and optimization of BW treatment technologies, aiming to help in the fulfilment of sustainable human excreta management.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Blackwater / Water-flushing toilet / Sanitation / Nutrient recovery / Water reuse / Sustainable development

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018YFD1100500) as well as the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. U21A20322 and 51922078).

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