Bacteria inactivation by sulfate radical: progress and non-negligible disinfection by-products

Highlights

● Status of inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms by SO₄^•− is reviewed.

● Mechanism of SO₄^•− disinfection is outlined.

● Possible generation of DBPs during disinfection using SO₄^•− is discussed.

● Possible problems and challenges of using SO₄^•− for disinfection are presented.

Abstract

Sulfate radicals have been increasingly used for the pathogen inactivation due to their strong redox ability and high selectivity for electron-rich species in the last decade. The application of sulfate radicals in water disinfection has become a very promising technology. However, there is currently a lack of reviews of sulfate radicals inactivated pathogenic microorganisms. At the same time, less attention has been paid to disinfection by-products produced by the use of sulfate radicals to inactivate microorganisms. This paper begins with a brief overview of sulfate radicals’ properties. Then, the progress in water disinfection by sulfate radicals is summarized. The mechanism and inactivation kinetics of inactivating microorganisms are briefly described. After that, the disinfection by-products produced by reactions of sulfate radicals with chlorine, bromine, iodide ions and organic halogens in water are also discussed. In response to these possible challenges, this article concludes with some specific solutions and future research directions.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Sulfate radicals / Disinfection by-products / Inactivation mechanisms / Bacterial inactivation / Water disinfection

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Acknowledgements

The study was financially supported by the Project of the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2021YFC1910404), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52100008, 52100184, and 52100142), the Funds of Hunan Science and Technology Innovation Project (China) (Nos. 2021GK4055 and 2022SK2119), Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (No. 2021JJ40091), the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (China) (No. 2021RC2056), and the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2021M701149).

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