Variation characteristics of atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide in summertime at a coastal site in the South China Sea

Highlights

● Diurnal patterns of CH₄ and CO₂ are clearly extracted using EEMD.

● CH₄ and CO₂ show mid-morning high and evening low patterns during sea breezes.

● Wind direction significantly modulates the diurnal variations in CH₄ and CO₂.

Abstract

Methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are the two most important greenhouse gases (GHGs). To examine the variation characteristics of CH₄ and CO₂ in the coastal South China Sea, atmospheric CH₄ and CO₂ measurements were performed in Bohe (BH), Guangdong, China, in summer 2021. By using an adaptive data analysis method, the diurnal patterns of CH₄ and CO₂ were clearly extracted and analysed in relation to the sea breeze (SB) and land breeze (LB), respectively. The average concentrations of CH₄ and CO₂ were 1876.91 ± 31.13 ppb and 407.99 ± 4.24 ppm during SB, and 1988.12 ± 109.92 ppb and 421.54 ± 14.89 ppm during LB, respectively. The values of CH₄ and CO₂ during SB basically coincided with the values and trends of marine background sites, showing that the BH station could serve as an ideal site for background GHG monitoring and dynamic analysis. The extracted diurnal variations in CH₄ and CO₂ showed sunrise high and sunset low patterns (with peaks at 5:00–7:00) during LB but mid-morning high and evening low patterns (with peaks at 9:00) during SB. The diurnal amplitude changes in both CH₄ and CO₂ during LB were almost two to three times those during SB. Wind direction significantly modulated the diurnal variations in CH₄ and CO₂. The results in this study provide a new way to examine the variations in GHGs on different timescales and can also help us gain a better understanding of GHG sources and distributions in the South China Sea.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Methane / Carbon dioxide / Diurnal pattern / Ensemble empirical mode decomposition / South China Sea / Sea breeze

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China (No. 2018Q01), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (China) (No. ZR202102190358), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41821004), the international cooperation project on Indo-Pacific Ocean environmental variability and air-sea interactions (China) (No. GASI-IPOVAI-05), and the Aoshan Talents Cultivation Excellent Scholar Program supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (China) (No. 2017ASTCP-ES04).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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