
Visible-light-driven heterostructured g-C3N4/Bi-TiO2 floating photocatalyst with enhanced charge carrier separation for photocatalytic inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa
Jingke Song, Chenyang Li, Xuejiang Wang, Songsong Zhi, Xin Wang, Jianhui Sun
Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. ›› 2021, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (6) : 129.
Visible-light-driven heterostructured g-C3N4/Bi-TiO2 floating photocatalyst with enhanced charge carrier separation for photocatalytic inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa
• Bi doping in TiO2 enhanced the separation of photo-generated electron-hole.
• The performance of photocatalytic degradation of MC-LR was improved.
• Coexisting substances have no influence on algal removal performance.
• The key reactive oxygen species were h+ and •OH in the photocatalytic process.
The increase in occurrence and severity of cyanobacteria blooms is causing increasing concern; moreover, human and animal health is affected by the toxic effects of Microcystin-LR released into the water. In this paper, a floating photocatalyst for the photocatalytic inactivation of the harmful algae Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) was prepared using a simple sol-gel method, i.e., coating g-C3N4 coupled with Bi-doped TiO2 on Al2O3-modified expanded perlite (CBTA for short). The impact of different molar ratios of Bi/Ti on CBTA was considered. The results indicated that Bi doping in TiO2 inhibited photogenerated electron-hole pair recombination. With 6 h of visible light illumination, 75.9% of M. aeruginosa (initial concentration= 2.7 × 106 cells/L) and 83.7% of Microcystin-LR (initial concentration= 100 μg/L) could be removed with the addition of 2 g/L CBTA-1% (i.e., Bi/Ti molar ratio= 1%). The key reactive oxygen species (ROSs) in the photocatalytic inactivation process are h+ and •OH. The induction of the Bi4+/Bi3+ species by the incorporation of Bi could narrow the bandgap of TiO2, trap electrons, and enhance the stability of CBTA-1% in the solutions with coexisting environmental substances.
Bi doping / Visible light / Algal removal / Charge carrier separation
[1] |
Alam U, Fleisch M, Kretschmer I, Bahnemann D, Muneer M (2017). One-step hydrothermal synthesis of Bi-TiO2 nanotube/graphene composites: An efficient photocatalyst for spectacular degradation of organic pollutants under visible light irradiation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 218: 758–769
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[2] |
Andersen J, Han C, O’shea K, Dionysiou D D (2014). Revealing the degradation intermediates and pathways of visible light-induced NF-TiO2 photocatalysis of microcystin-LR. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 154– 155: 259–266
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[3] |
Chandraboss V L, Kamalakkannan J, Senthilvelan S (2016). Synthesis of activated charcoal supported Bi-doped TiO2 nanocomposite under solar light irradiation for enhanced photocatalytic activity. Applied Surface Science, 387: 944–956
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[4] |
Chang F, Zhang J, Xie Y C, Chen J, Li C L, Wang J, Luo J R, Deng B Q, Hu X F (2014). Fabrication, characterization, and photocatalytic performance of exfoliated g-C3N4-TiO2 hybrids. Applied Surface Science, 311: 574–581
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[5] |
Chen J S, Qin S Y, Liu Y D, Xin F, Yin X H (2014). Preparation of a visible light-driven Bi2O3-TiO2 composite photocatalyst by an ethylene glycol-assisted sol-gel method, and its photocatalytic properties. Research on Chemical Intermediates, 40(2): 637–648
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Chen W, Westerhoff P, Leenheer J A, Booksh K (2003). Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix regional integration to quantify spectra for dissolved organic matter. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(24): 5701–5710
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[7] |
Chen Y Q, Xie P C, Wang Z P, Shang R, Wang S L (2017). UV/persulfate preoxidation to improve coagulation efficiency of Microcystis aeruginosa. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 322: 508–515
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Coral L A, Zamyadi A, Barbeau B, Bassetti F J, Lapolli F R, Prevost M (2013). Oxidation of Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena flos-aquae by ozone: Impacts on cell integrity and chlorination by-product formation. Water Research, 47(9): 2983–2994
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[9] |
Dai K, Lu L H, Liang C H, Liu Q, Zhu G P (2014). Heterojunction of facet coupled g-C3N4/surface-fluorinated TiO2 nanosheets for organic pollutants degradation under visible LED light irradiation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 156– 157: 331–340
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[10] |
Ding J, Xu W, Wan H, Yuan D, Chen C, Wang L, Guan G, Dai W L (2018). Nitrogen vacancy engineered graphitic C3N4-based polymers for photocatalytic oxidation of aromatic alcohols to aldehydes. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 221: 626–634
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[11] |
Długosz M, Waś J, Szczubiałka K, Nowakowska M (2014). TiO2-coated EP as a floating photocatalyst for water purification. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2(19): 6931–6938
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[12] |
Dong C L, Chen W, Liu C (2014). Flocculation of algal cells by amphoteric chitosan-based flocculant. Bioresource Technology, 170: 239–247
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Fang Y, Huang Y K, Ni Z J, Wang Z L, Kang S F, Wang Y G, Li X (2017). Co-modified commercial P25 TiO2 by Fe doping and g-C3N4 coating as high performance photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 12(7): 5951–5963
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[14] |
Fang Y, Huang Y, Yang J, Wang P, Cheng G (2011). Unique ability of BiOBr to decarboxylate D-Glu and D-MeAsp in the photocatalytic degradation of microcystin-LR in water. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(4): 1593–1600
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Gao M Y, Jiang D, Sun D K, Hou B, Li D B (2014). Synthesis of Ag/N-TiO2/SBA-15 photocatalysts and photocatalytic reduction of CO2 under visible light irradiation. Acta Chimica Sinica, 72(10): 1092–1098
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[16] |
Hosseini S, Borghei S, Vossoughi M, Taghavinia N (2007). Immobilization of TiO2 on perlite granules for photocatalytic degradation of phenol. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 74(1–2): 53–62
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[17] |
Hoyos L J, Rivera D F, Gualdrón-Reyes A F, Ospina R, Rodríguez-Pereira J, Ropero-Vega J L, Niño-Gómez M E (2017). Influence of immersion cycles during n-b-Bi2O3 sensitization on the photoelectrochemical behaviour of N-F-codoped TiO2 nanotubes. Applied Surface Science, 423: 917–926
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Hu Y, Cao Y T, Wang P X, Li D Z, Chen W, He Y H, Fu X Z, Shao Y, Zheng Y (2012). A new perspective for effect of Bi on the photocatalytic activity of Bi-doped TiO2. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 125: 294–303
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[19] |
Huang J, Cheuk W, Wu Y, Lee F S, Ho W (2012). Fabrication of Bi-doped TiO2 spheres with ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and investigation of their visible-light photocatalytic properties. Journal of Nanotechnology, 2012: 214783
|
[20] |
Jiao Z B, Shang M D, Liu J M, Lu G X, Wang X S, Bi Y P (2017). The charge transfer mechanism of Bi modified TiO2 nanotube arrays: TiO2 serving as a “charge-transfer-bridge”. Nano Energy, 31: 96–104
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[21] |
Kai G, Greil P, Zollfrank C (2011). Carbon auto-doping improves photocatalytic properties of biotemplated ceramics. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 103(1): 240–245
|
[22] |
Kim S C, Lee D K (2005). Preparation of TiO2-coated hollow glass beads and their application to the control of algal growth in eutrophic water. Microchemical Journal, 80(2): 227–232
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[23] |
Kong X, Ma J, Le-Clech P, Wang Z, Tang C Y, Waite T D (2020). Management of concentrate and waste streams for membrane-based algal separation in water treatment: A review. Water Research, 183: 115969
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[24] |
Lee S W, Obregon S, Rodriguez-Gonzalez V (2015). The role of silver nanoparticles functionalized on TiO2 for photocatalytic disinfection of harmful algae. RSC Advances, 5(55): 44470–44475
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[25] |
Li C, Sun Z, Zhang W, Yu C, Zheng S (2018). Highly efficient g-C3N4/TiO2/kaolinite composite with novel three-dimensional structure and enhanced visible light responding ability towards ciprofloxacin and S. aureus. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 220(Supplement C): 272–282
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[26] |
Li G Y, Nie X, Chen J Y, Jiang Q, An T C, Wong P K, Zhang H M, Zhao H J, Yamashita H (2015a). Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli using g-C3N4/TiO2 hybrid photocatalyst synthesized using a hydrothermal-calcination approach. Water Research, 86: 17–24
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[27] |
Li H Y, Wang D J, Wang P, Fan H M, Xie T F (2009). Synthesis and studies of the visible-light photocatalytic properties of near-monodisperse Bi-doped TiO2 nanospheres. Chemistry-a European Journal, 15(45): 12521–12527
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[28] |
Li J J, Li B, Li J J, Liu J L, Wang L, Zhang H W, Zhang Z H, Zhao B (2015b). Visible-light-driven photocatalyst of La-N-codoped TiO2 nano-photocatalyst: Fabrication and its enhanced photocatalytic performance and mechanism. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 25: 16–21
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[29] |
Li P, Song Y, Yu S (2014). Removal of Microcystis aeruginosa using hydrodynamic cavitation: Performance and mechanisms. Water Research, 62: 241–248
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Li X, Yu J, Jaroniec M (2016). Hierarchical photocatalysts. Chemical Society Reviews, 45(9): 2603–2636
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[31] |
Li X, Yu J, Jaroniec M, Chen X (2019). Cocatalysts for selective photoreduction of CO2 into solar fuels. Chemical Reviews, 119(6): 3965–3968
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[32] |
Linkous C A, Carter G J, Locuson D B, Ouellette A J, Slattery D K, Smitha L A (2000). Photocatalytic inhibition of algae growth using TiO2, WO3, and cocatalyst modifications. Environmental Science & Technology, 34(22): 4754–4758
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[33] |
Ma J Z, Wang C X, He H (2016). Enhanced photocatalytic oxidation of NO over g-C3N4-TiO2 under UV and visible light. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 184: 28–34
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[34] |
Ma M, Liu R P, Liu H J, Qu J H (2012). Chlorination of Microcystis aeruginosa suspension: Cell lysis, toxin release and degradation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 217– 218: 279–285
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[35] |
Matsunaga T, Tomoda R, Nakajima T, Wake H (1985). Photoelectrochemical sterilization of microbial cells by semiconductor powders. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 29(1–2): 211–214
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[36] |
Muñoz-Batista M J, Nasalevich M A, Savenije T J, Kapteijn F, Gascon J, Kubacka A, Fernandez-Garcia M (2015). Enhancing promoting effects in g-C3N4-Mn+/CeO2-TiO2 ternary composites: Photo-handling of charge carriers. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 176– 177: 687–698
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[37] |
Pinho L X, Azevedo J, Brito Â, Santos A, Tamagnini P, Vilar V J P, Vasconcelos V M, Boaventura R A R (2015a). Effect of TiO2 photocatalysis on the destruction of Microcystis aeruginosa cells and degradation of cyanotoxins microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin. Chemical Engineering Journal, 268: 144–152
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[38] |
Pinho L X, Azevedo J, Miranda S M, Ângelo J, Mendes A, Vilar V J P, Vasconcelos V, Boaventura R A R (2015b). Oxidation of microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin by heterogeneous photocatalysis using a tubular photoreactor packed with different TiO2 coated supports. Chemical Engineering Journal, 266: 100–111
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[39] |
Shao P H, Tian J Y, Zhao Z W, Shi W X, Gao S S, Cui F Y (2015). Amorphous TiO2 doped with carbon for visible light photodegradation of rhodamine B and 4-chlorophenol. Applied Surface Science, 324: 35–43
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[40] |
Shen R, Jiang C, Xiang Q, Xie J, Li X (2019). Surface and interface engineering of hierarchical photocatalysts. Applied Surface Science, 471: 43–87
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[41] |
Song J, Wang X, Ma J, Wang X, Wang J, Xia S, Zhao J (2018a). Removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystin-LR using a graphitic-C3N4/TiO2 floating photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 348: 380–388
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[42] |
Song J, Wang X, Ma J, Wang X, Wang J, Zhao J (2018b). Visible-light-driven in situ inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa with the use of floating g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalyst: Performance, mechanisms and implications. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 226: 83–92
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[43] |
Su J F, Shao S C, Ma F, Lu J S, Zhang K (2016). Bacteriological control by Raoultella sp R11 on growth and toxins production of Microcystis aeruginosa. Chemical Engineering Journal, 293: 139–150
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[44] |
Sun L, Wan S, Yu Z, Wang L (2014). Optimization and modeling of preparation conditions of TiO2 nanoparticles coated on hollow glass microspheres using response surface methodology. Separation and Purification Technology, 125: 156–162
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[45] |
Tang Y, Chen J, Wang X, Wang X, Zhao Y, Mao Z, Wang D (2019). Fabrication of highly N-Doped graphene-like carbon templated from g-C3N4 nanosheets as promising Li-ions battery anode. Electrochimica Acta, 324: 134880
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[46] |
Wang X, Wang X, Zhao J, Song J, Su C, Wang Z (2018). Adsorption-photocatalysis functional expanded graphite C/C composite for in-situ photocatalytic inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa. Chemical Engineering Journal, 341: 516–525
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[47] |
Wang X, Wang X, Zhao J, Song J, Wang J, Ma R, Ma J (2017). Solar light-driven photocatalytic destruction of cyanobacteria by F-Ce-TiO2/expanded perlite floating composites. Chemical Engineering Journal, 320: 253–263
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[48] |
Wang X, Zhou C, Shi R, Liu Q, Waterhouse G I N, Wu L, Tung C H, Zhang T (2019). Supramolecular precursor strategy for the synthesis of holey graphitic carbon nitride nanotubes with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. Nano Research, 12(9): 2385–2389
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[49] |
Wang Y, Rao L, Wang P, Guo Y, Shi Z, Guo X, Zhang L (2020). Synthesis of nitrogen vacancies g-C3N4 with increased crystallinity under the controlling of oxalyl dihydrazide: Visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity. Applied Surface Science, 505: 144576
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[50] |
Wu G S, Wen J L, Wang J P, Thomas D F, Chen A C (2010). A facile approach to synthesize N and B co-doped TiO2 nanomaterials with superior visible-light response. Materials Letters, 64(15): 1728–1731
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[51] |
Xiong X, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Li Z, Shi R, Zhang T (2020). Wettability controlled photocatalytic reactive oxygen generation and Klebsiella pneumoniae inactivation over triphase systems. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 264: 118518
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[52] |
Xu J, Wang W Z, Shang M, Gao E P, Zhang Z J, Ren J (2011). Electrospun nanofibers of Bi-doped TiO2 with high photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 196: 426–430
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[53] |
Yang N, Li G Q, Wang W L, Yang X L, Zhang W F (2011). Photophysical and enhanced daylight photocatalytic properties of N-doped TiO2/g-C3N4 composites. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 72(11): 1319–1324
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[54] |
Yu Y M, Geng J F, Li H, Bao R Y, Chen H Y, Wang W Z, Xia J X, Wong W Y (2017). Exceedingly high photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4/Gd-N-TiO2 composite with nanoscale heterojunctions. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 168: 91–99
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[55] |
Zhang J, Wang X, Wang X, Song J, Huang J, Louangsouphom B, Zhao J (2015a). Floating photocatalysts based on loading Bi/N-doped TiO2 on expanded graphite C/C (EGC) composites for the visible light degradation of diesel. RSC Advances, 5(88): 71922–71931
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[56] |
Zhang W J, Xin H L, Chen J L, He H B (2014). Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange on La-In co-doped TiO2. Current Nanoscience, 10(4): 582–587
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[57] |
Zhang Y, Lu J N, Hoffmann M R, Wang Q, Cong Y Q, Wang Q, Jin H (2015b). Synthesis of g-C3N4/Bi2O3/TiO2 composite nanotubes: enhanced activity under visible light irradiation and improved photoelectrochemical activity. RSC Advances, 5(60): 48983–48991
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[58] |
Zhou J, Zhang M, Zhu Y (2015). Photocatalytic enhancement of hybrid C3N4/TiO2 prepared via ball milling method. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 17(5): 3647–3652
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[59] |
Zhou L, Wang L Z, Lei J Y, Liu Y D, Zhang J L (2017). Fabrication of TiO2/Co-g-C3N4 heterojunction catalyst and its photocatalytic performance. Catalysis Communications, 89: 125–128
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[60] |
Zhu M, Zhai C, Sun M, Hu Y, Yan B, Du Y (2017). Ultrathin graphitic C3N4 nanosheet as a promising visible-light-activated support for boosting photoelectrocatalytic methanol oxidation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 203: 108–115
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[61] |
Zhu Z D, Murugananthan M, Gu J, Zhang Y R (2018). Fabrication of a Z-scheme g-C3N4/Fe-TiO2 photocatalytic composite with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Catalysts, 8(3): 112
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |