Bacteriophages in water pollution control: Advantages and limitations

Highlights

•Phages can be better indicators of enteric viruses than fecal indicator bacteria.

•Multiple phages should be added to the microbial source tracking toolbox.

•Engineered phage or phage cocktail can effectively target resistant bacteria.

•In phage use, phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer cannot be ignored.

•More schemes are needed to prevent phage concentration from decreasing.

Abstract

Wastewater is a breeding ground for many pathogens, which may pose a threat to human health through various water transmission pathways. Therefore, a simple and effective method is urgently required to monitor and treat wastewater. As bacterial viruses, bacteriophages (phages) are the most widely distributed and abundant organisms in the biosphere. Owing to their capacity to specifically infect bacterial hosts, they have recently been used as novel tools in water pollution control. The purpose of this review is to summarize and evaluate the roles of phages in monitoring pathogens, tracking pollution sources, treating pathogenic bacteria, infecting bloom-forming cyanobacteria, and controlling bulking sludge and biofilm pollution in wastewater treatment systems. We also discuss the limitations of phage usage in water pollution control, including phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer, the evolution of bacterial resistance, and phage concentration decrease. This review provides an integrated outlook on the use of phages in water pollution control.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Phage / Water pollution monitoring / Harmful bacteria biocontrol / Horizontal gene transfer / Bacterial resistance

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018YFA0903000), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31600148, 31870105 and 31741007), the Foundation of University of Jinan (Nos. XBS1519, XKY1633 and XKY2008), High Level Innovation Teams of Guangxi Colleges & Universities/Outstanding Scholars Program (Guijiaoren (2018)35), and Visiting Scholar Research Program of University of Jinan.

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