The size distribution of airborne bacteria and human pathogenic bacteria in a commercial composting plant

Abstract

•Bacterial concentrations from eight stages were 10⁴–10⁵copies/m³.

•Diameter influenced clustering of bacterial and HPB lineages.

•Dg of 8 HPB ranged from 2.42 to 5.09 μm in composting areas.

•Dg of 8 HPB ranged from 3.70 to 8.96 μm in packaging areas.

•HPB had high concentrations and small sizes in composting areas.

Composting plants are regarded as one of the important sources of environmental bioaerosols. However, limitations in the size distribution of airborne bacteria have prevented our comprehensive understanding of their risk to human health and their dispersal behavior. In this study, different sizes of airborne bacteria were collected using an eight-stage impactor from a full-scale composting facility. Size-related abundance and communities of airborne bacteria as well as human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) were investigated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing coupled with droplet digital PCR. Our results indicate that the bacterial concentrations from the eight stages were approximately 10⁴–10⁵copies/m³. Although no statistical correlation was detected between the particle size and the Shannon index, the influence of size on bacterial lineages was observed in both composting and packaging areas. For airborne bacteria from different stages, the dominant phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and the dominant genera was Bacillus. Seven out of eight HPB with a small geometric mean aerodynamic diameter had a high concentration in composting areas. Based on diameters of 2.42 to 5.09 μm, most HPB in the composting areas were expected to be deposited on the bronchus and secondary bronchus. However, in the packaging areas, the deposition of HPB (diameters 3.70 to 8.96 μm) occurred in the upper part of the respiratory tract. Our results on the size distribution, abundance, and diversity of these bacteria offer important information for the systematic evaluation of bacterial pathogenicity and the potential health impacts on workers in composting plants and the surrounding residents.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Size distribution / Airborne bacteria / Biological diversity / Human pathogenic bacteria / Composting plants

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