Remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with organic chemicals using stabilized nanoparticles: Lessons from the past two decades

Highlights

▪ Overviewed evolution and environmental applications of stabilized nanoparticles.

▪ Reviewed theories on particle stabilization for enhanced reactivity/deliverability.

▪ Examined various in situ remediation technologies based on stabilized nanoparticles.

▪ Summarized knowledge on transport of stabilized nanoparticles in porous media.

▪ Identified key knowledge gaps and future research needs on stabilized nanoparticles.

Abstract

Due to improved soil deliverability and high reactivity, stabilized nanoparticles have been studied for nearly two decades for in situ remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with organic pollutants. While large amounts of bench- and field-scale experimental data have demonstrated the potential of the innovative technology, extensive research results have also unveiled various merits and constraints associated different soil characteristics, types of nanoparticles and particle stabilization techniques. Overall, this work aims to critically overview the fundamental principles on particle stabilization, and the evolution and some recent developments of stabilized nanoparticles for degradation of organic contaminants in soil and groundwater. The specific objectives are to: 1) overview fundamental mechanisms in nanoparticle stabilization; 2) summarize key applications of stabilized nanoparticles for in situ remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated by legacy and emerging organic chemicals; 3) update the latest knowledge on the transport and fate of stabilized nanoparticles; 4) examine the merits and constraints of stabilized nanoparticles in environmental remediation applications; and 5) identify the knowledge gaps and future research needs pertaining to stabilized nanoparticles for remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. Per instructions of this invited special issue, this review is focused on contributions from our group (one of the pioneers in the subject field), which, however, is supplemented by important relevant works by others. The knowledge gained is expected to further advance the science and technology in the environmental applications of stabilized nanoparticles.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Stabilized nanoparticle / In-situ remediation / Organic contaminant / Soil remediation / Groundwater / Fate and transport

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Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by the Auburn University IGP Program, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41807340) and the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (No. 2016ZT06N569).

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