Biofiltration and disinfection codetermine the bacterial antibiotic resistome in drinking water: A review and meta-analysis

Highlights

• Published data was used to analyze the fate of ARGs in water treatment.

• Biomass removal leads to the reduction in absolute abundance of ARGs.

• Mechanism that filter biofilm maintain ARB/ARGs was summarized.

• Potential BAR risks caused by biofiltration and chlorination were proposed.

Abstract

The bacterial antibiotic resistome (BAR) is one of the most serious contemporary medical challenges. The BAR problem in drinking water is receiving growing attention. In this study, we focused on the distribution, changes, and health risks of the BAR throughout the drinking water treatment system. We extracted the antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) data from recent publications and analyzed ARG profiles based on diversity, absolute abundance, and relative abundance. The absolute abundance of ARG was found to decrease with water treatment processes and was positively correlated with the abundance of 16S rRNA (r² = 0.963, p<0.001), indicating that the reduction of ARG concentration was accompanied by decreasing biomass. Among treatment processes, biofiltration and chlorination were discovered to play important roles in shaping the bacterial antibiotic resistome. Chlorination exhibited positive effects in controlling the diversity of ARG, while biofiltration, especially granular activated carbon filtration, increased the diversity of ARG. Both biofiltration and chlorination altered the structure of the resistome by affecting relative ARG abundance. In addition, we analyzed the mechanism behind the impact of biofiltration and chlorination on the bacterial antibiotic resistome. By intercepting influent ARG-carrying bacteria, biofilters can enrich various ARGs and maintain ARGs in biofilm. Chlorination further selects bacteria co-resistant to chlorine and antibiotics. Finally, we proposed the BAR health risks caused by biofiltration and chlorination in water treatment. To reduce potential BAR risk in drinking water, membrane filtration technology and water boiling are recommended at the point of use.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Drinking water treatment / Antibiotic resistance gene / Biofiltration / Chlorination

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China-International collaborative project from Ministry of Science and Technology (Grant No. 2017YFE0107300), the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China (Grant No. 51708534), the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51678551, 51678552 and 41861144023), Xiamen Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology (No. 3502Z20171003) and K.C.Wong Education Foundation.

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