Fluoride removal from secondary effluent of the graphite industry using electrodialysis: Optimization with response surface methodology

Highlights

RSM was utilized to optimize and model influential parameters on fluoride removal.

Regression models involving independent variables and main response were developed.

Interactive effects and optimum of process factors were illuminated and determined.

Fluoride removal efficiency of 99.69% was observed in optimal process conditions.

Abstract

Response surface methodology was utilized to model and optimize the operational variables for defluoridation using an electrodialysis process as the treatment of secondary effluent of the graphite industry. Experiments were conducted using a Box-Behnken surface statistical design in order to evaluate the effects and the interaction of the influential variables including the operational voltage, initial fluoride concentration and flow rate. The regression models for defluoridation and energy consumption responses were statistically validated using analysis of variance (ANOVA); high coefficient of determination values (R² = 0.9772 and R² = 0.9814; respectively) were obtained. The quadratic model exhibited high reproducibility and a good fit of the experimental data. The optimum values of the initial fluoride concentration, voltage and flow rate were found to be 13.9 mg/L, 13.4 V, 102.5 L/h, respectively. A fluoride removal efficiency of 99.69% was observed under optimum conditions for the treatment of the secondary effluent of the graphite industry.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Response surface methodology / Fluoride removal / Electrodialysis / Box-Behnken design

References

[1] Muthusamy Subramanian A V, Nachimuthu M D G, Cinnasamy V (2017). Assessment of cutting force and surface roughness in LM6/SiC p using response surface methodology. Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 15(3): 283–296

[2] Aoudj S, Khelifa A, Drouiche N, Belkada R, Miroud D (2015). Simultaneous removal of chromium(VI) and fluoride by electrocoagulation–electroflotation: Application of a hybrid Fe-Al anode. Chemical Engineering Journal, 267: 153–162

[3] Balandin A A, Ghosh S, Bao W, Calizo I, Teweldebrhan D, Miao F, Lau C N (2008). Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Letters, 8(3): 902–907

[4] Bashir M J K, Aziz H A, Yusoff M S, Adlan M N (2010). Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of ammoniacal nitrogen removal from semi-aerobic landfill leachate using ion exchange resin. Desalination, 254(1–3): 154–161

[5] Bashir M T, Ali S B, Adris A, Haroon R (2013). Health effects associated with fluoridated water sources-A Review of central Asia. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 10(3): 29–37

[6] Behbahani M, Moghaddam M R A, Arami M (2011). Techno-economical evaluation of fluoride removal by electrocoagulation process: Optimization through response surface methodology. Desalination, 271(1–3): 209–218

[7] Bhatnagar A, Kumar E, Sillanpää M (2011). Fluoride removal from water by adsorption: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 171(3): 811–840

[8] Chakrabortty S, Roy M, Pal P (2013). Removal of fluoride from contaminated groundwater by cross flow nanofiltration: Transport modeling and economic evaluation. Desalination, 313: 115–124

[9] Chang M F, Liu J C (2007). Precipitation removal of fluoride from semiconductor wastewater. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 133(4): 419–425

[10] Dahaghin Z, Mousavi H Z, Sajjadi S M (2017). A novel magnetic ion imprinted polymer as a selective magnetic solid phase for separation of trace lead(II) ions from agricultural products, and optimization using a Box-Behnken design. Food Chemistry, 237: 275–281

[11] Dehghani M H, Faraji M, Mohammadi A, Kamani H (2017). Optimization of fluoride adsorption onto natural and modified pumice using response surface methodology: Isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 34(2): 454–462

[12] Du X, Liu G, Qu F, Li K, Shao S, Li G, Liang H (2017). Removal of iron, manganese and ammonia from groundwater using a PAC-MBR system: The anti-pollution ability, microbial population and membrane fouling. Desalination, 403: 97–106

[13] Fakhri A (2014). Application of response surface methodology to optimize the process variables for fluoride ion removal using maghemite nanoparticles. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 18(4): 340–347

[14] Gherasim C V, Křivčík J, Mikulášek P (2014). Investigation of batch electrodialysis process for removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 256: 324–334

[15] Ghorbani F, Younesi H, Ghasempouri S M, Zinatizadeh A A, Amini M, Daneshi A (2008). Application of response surface methodology for optimization of cadmium biosorption in an aqueous solution by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chemical Engineering Journal, 145(2): 267–275

[16] Guo Q, Tian J (2013). Removal of fluoride and arsenate from aqueous solution by hydrocalumite via precipitation and anion exchange. Chemical Engineering Journal, 231: 121–131

[17] He J, Chen K, Cai X, Li Y, Wang C, Zhang K, Jin Z, Meng F, Wang X, Kong L, Liu J (2017). A biocompatible and novelly-defined Al-HAP adsorption membrane for highly effective removal of fluoride from drinking water. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 490: 97–107

[18] Ho J S, Ma Z, Qin J, Sim S H, Toh C S (2015). Inline coagulation–ultrafiltration as the pretreatment for reverse osmosis brine treatment and recovery. Desalination, 365: 242–249

[19] Jiménez-Núñez M L, Solache-Ríos M, Chávez-Garduño J, Olguín-Gutiérrez M T (2012). Effect of grain size and interfering anion species on the removal of fluoride by hydrotalcite-like compounds. Chemical Engineering Journal, 181–182: 371–375

[20] Li Z, Ma Z, Xu Y, Wang X, Sun Y, Wang R, Wang J, Gao X, Gao J (2018). Developing homogeneous ion exchange membranes derived from sulfonated polyethersulfone/N-phthaloyl-chitosan for improved hydrophilic and controllable porosity. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 35: 1716-1725

[21] Liang W, Couperthwaite S J, Kaur G, Yan C, Johnstone D W, Millar G J (2014). Effect of strong acids on red mud structural and fluoride adsorption properties. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 423: 158–165

[22] Liu Y, Fan Q, Wang S, Liu Y, Zhou A, Fan L (2016). Adsorptive removal of fluoride from aqueous solutions using Al-humic acid-La aerogel composites. Chemical Engineering Journal, 306: 174–185

[23] Ma Z, Lei T, Ji X, Gao X, Gao C (2015). Submerged membrane bioreactor for vegetable oil wastewater treatment. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 38(1): 101–109

[24] Miretzky P, Cirelli A F (2011). Fluoride removal from water by chitosan derivatives and composites: A review. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 132(4): 231–240

[25] Mohapatra M, Anand S, Mishra B K, Giles D E, Singh P (2009). Review of fluoride removal from drinking water. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(1): 67–77

[26] Mondal R, Pal S, Bhalani D V, Bhadja V, Chatterjee U, Jewrajka S K (2018). Preparation of polyvinylidene fluoride blend anion exchange membranes via non-solvent induced phase inversion for desalination and fluoride removal. Desalination, 445: 85–94

[27] Mourabet M, El Rhilassi A, El Boujaady H, Bennani-Ziatni M, El Hamri R, Taitai A (2012). Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by adsorption on Apatitic tricalcium phosphate using Box–Behnken design and desirability function. Applied Surface Science, 258(10): 4402–4410

[28] Mourabet M, El Rhilassi A, El Boujaady H, Bennani-Ziatni M, Taitai A (2017). Use of response surface methodology for optimization of fluoride adsorption in an aqueous solution by Brushite. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10: S3292–S3302

[29] Owusu-Agyeman I, Jeihanipour A, Luxbacher T, Schäfer A I (2017). Implications of humic acid, inorganic carbon and speciation on fluoride retention mechanisms in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Journal of Membrane Science, 528: 82–94

[30] Phiri J, Gane P, Maloney T C (2017). General overview of graphene: Production, properties and application in polymer composites. Materials Science and Engineering B, 215: 9–28

[31] Shen J, Schäfer A (2014). Removal of fluoride and uranium by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis: A review. Chemosphere, 117: 679–691

[32] Singh J, Singh P, Singh A (2016). Fluoride ions vs removal technologies: A study. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 9(6): 815–824

[33] Song N, Gao X, Ma Z, Wang X, Wei Y, Gao C (2018). A review of graphene-based separation membrane: Materials, characteristics, preparation and applications. Desalination, 437: 59–72

[34] Su C, Li W, Liu X, Huang X, Yu X (2016). Fe-Mn-sepiolite as an effective heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for the decolorization of reactive brilliant blue. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 10(1): 37–45

[35] Su C, Li W, Wang Y (2013). Adsorption property of direct fast black onto acid-thermal modified sepiolite and optimization of adsorption conditions using Box-Behnken response surface methodology. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 7(4): 503–511

[36] Thakur L S, Mondal P (2017). Simultaneous arsenic and fluoride removal from synthetic and real groundwater by electrocoagulation process: Parametric and cost evaluation. Journal of Environmental Management, 190: 102–112

[37] Tripathi P, Srivastava V C, Kumar A (2009). Optimization of an azo dye batch adsorption parameters using Box–Behnken design. Desalination, 249(3): 1273–1279

[38] Vijayalakshmi G, Shobha B, Vanajakshi V, Divakar S, Manohar B (2001). Response surface methodology for optimization of growth parameters for the production of carotenoids by a mutant strain of Rhodotorula gracilis. European Food Research and Technology, 213(3): 234–239

[39] Wang C, Wei A, Wu H, Qu F, Chen W, Liang H, Li G (2016). Application of response surface methodology to the chemical cleaning process of ultrafiltration membrane. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 24(5): 651–657

[40] Wang Q, Gao X, Ma Z, Wang J, Wang X, Yang Y, Gao C (2018). Combined water flux enhancement of PES-based TFC membranes in ultrasonic-assisted forward osmosis processes. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 64: 266–275

[41] Wei Y, Zhang Y, Gao X, Ma Z, Wang X, Gao C (2018). Multilayered graphene oxide membrane for water treatment: A review. Carbon, 139: 964–981

[42] Xu L, Gao X, Li Z, Gao C (2015). Removal of fluoride by nature diatomite from high-fluorine water: An appropriate pretreatment for nanofiltration process. Desalination, 369: 97–104

[43] Yadav M, Tripathi P, Choudhary A, Brighu U, Mathur S (2016). Adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution by Bio-F sorbent: a fixed-bed column study. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(14): 6624–6631

[44] Zhang J, Wei Y, Li H, Zeng E Y, You J (2017). Application of Box-Behnken design to optimize multi-sorbent solid phase extraction for trace neonicotinoids in water containing high level of matrix substances. Talanta, 170: 392–398

[45] Zhang K, Wu S, Wang X, He J, Sun B, Jia Y, Luo T, Meng F, Jin Z, Lin D, Shen W, Kong L, Liu J (2015). Wide pH range for fluoride removal from water by MHS-MgO/MgCO₃ adsorbent: kinetic, thermodynamic and mechanism studies. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 446: 194–202

[46] Zhao B H, Chen J, Yu H Q, Hu Z H, Yue Z B, Li J (2017). Optimization of microwave pretreatment of lignocellulosic waste for enhancing methane production: Hyacinth as an example. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 11(6): 17

[47] Zhu Y, Murali S, Cai W, Li X, Suk J W, Potts J R, Ruoff R S (2010). Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications. Advanced materials, 22(35): 3906–3924

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the Key Research Project of Shandong Province (No. 2017CXGC1004), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21878178), the Shandong Science and Technology Development Plan (No. 2018GGX107001) and the Young Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2019 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature