Effect of placement angles on wireless electrocoagulation for bipolar aluminum electrodes

Abstract

A new electrocoagulation process based on bipolar aluminum electrode is proposed.

The placement angles of bipolar electrode are key parameter.

The numerical simulations support the experimental results.

We in our previous study reported the wireless electrocoagulation (WEC) based on bipolar electrochemistry for water purification. One of the most important advantages of WEC is the omission of ohmic connection between bipolar electrode (BPE) and power supply, and thus the electrochemical reactions on BPE are driven by electric field in solution induced by driving electrodes. In this study, the impact of placement angle of bipolar aluminum electrode on WEC was investigated to provide a detailed analysis on the correlations between the bipolar electrode placement angle and bipolar electrocoagulation reactions. The results showed that the WEC cell with a horizontal BPE placed at 0° produced the maximum dissolved aluminum coagulant, accounting for 71.6 % higher than that with a vertical one placed at 90°. Moreover, the finite element simulations of current and potential distribution were carried out along the surface of BPE at different placement angles, revealing the mechanism of different BPE placement angles on aluminum dissolution rates in WEC system.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Bipolar electrochemistry / Wireless electrocoagulation / Placement angle

References

[1] Mollah M Y, Schennach R, Parga J R, Cocke D L. Electrocoagulation (EC)-science and applications. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2001, 84(1): 29–41

[2] Mollah M Y A, Morkovsky P, Gomes J A G, Kesmez M, Parga J, Cocke D. Fundamentals, present and future perspectives of electrocoagulation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2004, 114(1–3): 199–210

[3] Verma A K, Dash R R, Bhunia P. A review on chemical coagulation/flocculation technologies for removal of colour from textile wastewaters. Journal of Environmental Management, 2012, 93(1): 154–168

[4] Gu J, Yu H T, Quan X, Chen S. Covering α-Fe₂O₃ protection layer on the surface of p-Si micropillar array for enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2017, 11(6): 13

[5] Wei X N, Guo S H, Wu B, Li F M, Li G. Effects of reducing agent and approaching anodes on chromium removal in electrokinetic soil remediation. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2016, 10(2): 253–261

[6] Sahu O, Mazumdar B, Chaudhari P K. Treatment of wastewater by electrocoagulation: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2014, 21(4): 2397–2413

[7] Erb U, Gleiter H, Schwitzgebel G. The effect of boundary structure (energy) on interfacial corrosion. Acta Metallurgica, 1982, 30(7): 1377–1380

[8] Qi Z, You S, Ren N. Wireless electrocoagulation in water treatment based on bipolar electrochemistry. Electrochimica Acta, 2017, 229(1): 96–101

[9] Bayramoglu M, Eyvaz M, Kobya M. Treatment of the textile wastewater by electrocoagulation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2007, 128(2–3): 155–161

[10] Kobya M, Bayramoglu M, Eyvaz M. Techno-economical evaluation of electrocoagulation for the textile wastewater using different electrode connections. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007, 148(1–2): 311–318

[11] Mameri N, Yeddou A R, Lounici H, Belhocine D, Grib H, Bariou B. Defluoridation of septentrional Sahara water of north Africa by electrocoagulation process using bipolar aluminium electrodes. Water Research, 1998, 32(5): 1604–1612

[12] Mameri N, Lounici H, Belhocine D, Grib H, Piron D L, Yahiat Y. Defluoridation of Sahara water by small plant electrocoagulation using bipolar aluminium electrodes. Separation and Purification Technology, 2001, 24(1–2): 113–119

[13] Ghosh D, Medhi C R, Purkait M K. Treatment of fluoride containing drinking water by electrocoagulation using monopolar and bipolar electrode connections. Chemosphere, 2008, 73(9): 1393–1400

[14] Demirci Y, Pekel L C, Alpbaz M. Investigation of different electrode connections in electrocoagulation of textile wastewater treatment. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2015, 10(3): 2685–2693

[15] Naje A S, Chelliapan S, Zakaria Z. Treatment performance of textile wastewater using electrocoagulation (EC) process under combined electrical connection of electrodes. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2015, 10(7): 5924–5941

[16] Hu C Y, Lo S L, Kuan W H. Effects of co-existing anions on fluoride removal in electrocoagulation (EC) process using aluminum electrodes. Water Research, 2003, 37(18): 4513–4523

[17] Daneshvar N, Ashassi Sorkhabi H, Kasiri M B. Decolorization of dye solution containing Acid Red 14 by electrocoagulation with a comparative investigation of different electrode connections. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2004, 112(1–2): 55–62

[18] Modirshahla N, Behnajady M A, Mohammadi-Aghdam S. Investigation of the effect of different electrodes and their connections on the removal efficiency of 4-nitrophenol from aqueous solution by electrocoagulation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 154(1–3): 778–786

[19] Duval J, Kleijn J M, van Leeuwen H P. Bipolar electrode behaviour of the aluminium surface in a lateral electric field. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2001, 505(1–2): 1–11

[20] Duval J F L, Buffle J, van Leeuwen H P. Quasi-reversible faradaic depolarization processes in the electrokinetics of the metal/ solution interface. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2006, 110(12): 6081–6094

[21] Cañizares P, Jiménez C, Martínez F, Sáez C, Rodrigo M A. Study of the electrocoagulation process using aluminum and iron electrodes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2007, 46(19): 6189–6195

[22] Chen X, Chen G, Yue P L. Separation of pollutants from restaurant wastewater by electrocoagulation. Separation and Purification Technology, 2000, 19(1–2): 65–76

[23] Lakshmanan D, Clifford D A, Samanta G. Ferrous and ferric ion generation during iron electrocoagulation. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009, 43(10): 3853–3859

[24] van Genuchten C M, Bandaru S R S, Surorova E, Amrose S E, Gadgil A J, Peña J. Formation of macroscopic surface layers on Fe(0) electrocoagulation electrodes during an extended field trial of arsenic treatment. Chemosphere, 2016, 153(3): 270–279

[25] Llanos J, Cotillas S, Cañizares P, Rodrigo M A. Effect of bipolar electrode material on the reclamation of urban wastewater by an integrated electrodisinfection/electrocoagulation process. Water Research, 2014, 53(1): 329–338

[26] Greenberg A E, Trussell R R, Clesceri L S. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater : Supplement to the Sixteenth Edition. Washington, D. C: American Public Health Association, 1988

[27] Fosdick S E, Crooks J A, Chang B Y, Crooks R M. Two-dimensional bipolar electrochemistry. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2010, 132(27): 9226–9227

[28] Mansouri K, Ibrik K, Bensalah N, Abdel-Wahab A. Anodic dissolution of pure aluminum during electrocoagulation process: Influence of supporting electrolyte, initial pH, and current density. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2011, 50(23): 13362–13372

[29] Mavré F, Chow K F, Sheridan E, Chang B Y, Crooks J A, Crooks R M. A theoretical and experimental framework for understanding electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) emission at bipolar electrodes. Analytical Chemistry, 2009, 81(15): 6218–6225

[30] Krabbenborg S O, Huskens J. Electrochemically generated gradients. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2014, 53(35): 9152–9167

[31] Fan S, Shannon C. Electrochemiluminescence quenching by halide ions at bipolar electrodes. Electroanalysis, 2016, 28(3): 533–538

[32] Kayran Y U, Eßmann V, Grützke S, Schuhmann W. Selection of highly Sers-active nanostructures from a size gradient of Au nanovoids on a single bipolar electrode. ChemElectroChem, 2016, 3(3): 399–403

[33] Hansen T S, Lind J U, Daugaard A E, Hvilsted S, Andresen T L, Larsen N B. Complex surface concentration gradients by stenciled. Electro Click Chemistry. Langmuir, 2010, 26(20): 16171–16177

[34] Pébère N, Vivier V. Local electrochemical measurements in bipolar experiments for corrosion studies. ChemElectroChem, 2016, 3(3): 415–421

[35] Kuokkanen V, Kuokkanen T, Rämö J, Lassi U. Recent applications of electrocoagulation in treatment of water and wastewater-A review. Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 2013, 3(2): 89–121

[36] Vidal J, Villegas L, Peralta-Hernandez J M, Salazar González R. Removal of acid black 194 dye from water by electrocoagulation with aluminum anode. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 2016, 51(4): 289–296

[37] Keddam M, Nóvoa X R, Vivier V. The concept of floating electrode for contact-less electrochemical measurements: Application to reinforcing steel-bar corrosion in concrete. Corrosion Science, 2009, 51(8): 1795–1801

[38] Eßmann V, Clausmeyer J, Schuhmann W. Alternating current-bipolar electrochemistry. Electrochemistry Communications, 2017, 75(6): 82–85

[39] Dubey P K, Sinha A S K, Talapatra S, Koratkar N, Ajayan P M, Srivastava O N. Hydrogen generation by water electrolysis using carbon nanotube anode. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(9): 3945–3950

[40] Bouffier L, Arbault S, Kuhn A, Sojic N. Generation of electrochemiluminescence at bipolar electrodes: Concepts and applications. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2016, 408(25): 7003–7011

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature