PDF
(635KB)
Abstract
Sewer network construction is insufficient in China currently.
The management for sewer network is very disordered in China.
Maintenance is far from enough for current sewer networks in China.
China’s top priority for sewer networks is to elevate its overall performance.
The new technical route is an optimal option for sewer maintenance in China.
![]()
Chinese authorities and the public have largely ignored sewer networks; however, various problems are emerging nationwide with the increase construction of new sewers. The current state of sewer network construction, administration, and maintenance in China is comprehensively reviewed in this study. Serving about 444 million people, 511,200 km of sewer lines are located in urban areas. In 2014, $7 billion was invested in sewer network construction. However, both the sewer pervasion rate and the per capita sewer length were significantly lower than those in developed countries. Sewer administrative agencies in local governments are uncoordinated. Laws, regulations, and standards are incomplete, and some practices are unscientific. The future situation of sewer maintenance is extremely grim because sewer corrosion control measures have not been launched. Moreover, inspection and rehabilitation chiefly rely on traditional approaches. In contrast, the overall market share of innovative technologies is very low owing to high cost, funds shortage, and technical limitations. Approaches such as liner inversion cured-in-place pipe, pull-in ultraviolet light cured liners, and spiral wound lining are applied mostly in economically developed regions. According to status and problem analyses, China’s top priority will be to conduct aggressive maintenance work in sewer networks in the future. New technical route, corrosion control - periodic visualized inspection - trenchless rehabilitation, could be the best option for future sewer maintenance in China. Instructions and opportunities for applying this technical route are discussed in detail in this study. Finally, additional factors in the development of sewer networks in China are suggested.
Graphical abstract
Keywords
Sewer network
/
China
/
Management
/
Sewer corrosion
/
Sewer inspection
/
Trenchless rehabilitation
Cite this article
Download citation ▾
Dong Huang, Xiuhong Liu, Songzhu Jiang, Hongchen Wang, Junyan Wang, Yuankai Zhang.
Current state and future perspectives of sewer networks in urban China.
Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2018, 12(3): 2 DOI:10.1007/s11783-018-1023-1
| [1] |
Brongers M P H, Virmani P Y, Payer J H. Drinking water and sewer systems in corrosion costs and preventative strategies in the United States. United States Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, 2002
|
| [2] |
Jiang G, Keller J, Bond P L. Determining the long-term effects of H2S concentration, relative humidity and air temperature on concrete sewer corrosion. Water Research, 2014, 65: 157–169
|
| [3] |
Jiang G, Sun X, Keller J, Bond P L. Identification of controlling factors for the initiation of corrosion of fresh concrete sewers. Water Research, 2015, 80: 30–40
|
| [4] |
Li T, Tan Q, Zhu S. Characteristics of combined sewer overflows in Shanghai and the selection of drainage systems. Water and Environment Journal, 2010, 24(1): 74–82
|
| [5] |
Wu X, Yu D, Chen Z, Wilby R L. An evaluation of the impacts of land surface modification, storm sewer development, and rainfall variation on waterlogging risk in Shanghai. Natural Hazards, 2012, 63(2): 305–323
|
| [6] |
Yang G, Zhang G, Wang H. Current state of sludge production, management, treatment and disposal in China. Water Research, 2015, 78: 60–73
|
| [7] |
Jia H F, Yao H R, Yu S L. Advances in LID BMPs research and practices for urban runoff control in China. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2013, 7(5): 709–720
|
| [8] |
Liao Z, Hu T, Roker S A C. An obstacle to China’s WWTPs: The COD and BOD standards for discharge into municipal sewers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2015, 22(21): 16434–16440
|
| [9] |
Li T, Zhang W, Feng C, Shen J. Performance assessment of separate and combined sewer systems in metropolitan areas in Southern China. Water Science and Technology, 2014, 69(2): 422–429
|
| [10] |
China Ministry of Environment Protection. Chinese Environment Bulletin in 2014. 2015. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [11] |
China Ministry of Water Resources. Chinese Water Resources Bulletin in 2014. 2015. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [12] |
Zhou Y W. The new challenge in urban drainage pipeline network development. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2003, 29(2): 1–4 (in Chinese)
|
| [13] |
Tang J G. Notations on construction, operation and management of municipal sewer network. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2007, 33(4): 109–112 (in Chinese)
|
| [14] |
Wang S M, Wang B Z, Cao X D, Jin W B, Jia L N. Discussion on Chinese urban drainage system. China Water & Wastewater, 2007, 12(3): 16–21 (in Chinese)
|
| [15] |
Liu Y C, Zhang S J, Shen Y X, Liang P, Huang X, Shi H C. Thinking and prospect of technology for operation and management of drainage system during fast urbanization. China Water & Wastewater, 2011, 27(18): 9–12 (in Chinese)
|
| [16] |
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China. China Urban–Rural Construction Statistical Yearbook of 2014. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2015 (in Chinese)
|
| [17] |
Jin L, Zhang G, Tian H. Current state of sewage treatment in China. Water Research, 2014, 66: 85–98
|
| [18] |
Ministry of Housing and Urban–Rural Development of China. China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook of 2014. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2015 (in Chinese)
|
| [19] |
Takashima E. Japanese experiences of sanitation and sewage works: History, law, organizations and present situation. 2012. Available online at 160;(accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [20] |
Sakakibara T. Sewer management in Japan—An overview. 2009. Available online at 160;(accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [21] |
Sterling R, Simicevic J, Allouche E, Condit W, Wang L L. State of technology for rehabilitation of wastewater collection systems. Rep. EPA/600/R–10/078, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, (Mar. 25, 2012), 2010
|
| [22] |
UK DEFRA. (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). Waste water collection and treatment, and disposal of sewage sludge—United Kingdom 2000. 2002. Available online at 160;(accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [23] |
Tang J G, Zhang Y. The introduction of the Germany sewer facilities and the principles to be followed in the construction and management of the drainage pipes in China. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2015, 05(2): 82–92 (in Chinese)
|
| [24] |
National Bureau of Statistics of China. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) information of provinces in China. 2015. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [25] |
The State Council of China. Infrastructure Construction Program of Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation and Reuse during the Twelfth Five–year Plan. 2012. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [26] |
Ministry of Housing and Urban–Rural Development of China. China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook of 2011. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2012 (in Chinese)
|
| [27] |
Ministry of Housing and Urban–Rural Development of China. China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook of 2012. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2013 (in Chinese)
|
| [28] |
Ministry of Housing and Urban–Rural Development of China. China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook of 2013. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2014 (in Chinese)
|
| [29] |
The State Council of China. Regulations on Urban Drainage and Wastewater Treatment. 2013. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [30] |
Guo J H, Cui H D, Jia W L, Guo Y L. Problems and countermeasures in drainage network system of small towns. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2006, S1: 59–60 (in Chinese)
|
| [31] |
Ministry of Environmental Protection of China. The Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China. 2014. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [32] |
Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress of China. Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution. 2008. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [33] |
The State Council of China. The Action Plan for Water Pollution Prevention and Control. 2015. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [34] |
Jago R. Overflow management for CSO control. In: Proceedings of 3rd South Pacific Stormwater Conference, Auckland, New Zealand: Haworth Press, 2003.
|
| [35] |
Thames W. Thames Tideway Strategic Study. Steering Group Report, February 2005 Available online at 160;(accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [36] |
Johnston C, Fell P, Cowley M. I&I rates and sewer infrastructure age: Is there a strong correlation? Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2005, 2005(4): 571–582
|
| [37] |
Davies J P, Clarke B A, Whiter J T, Cunningham R J. Factors influencing the structural deterioration and collapse of rigid sewer pipes. Urban Water, 2001, 3(1): 73–89
|
| [38] |
Tuccillo, M E, Jolley, J, Martel, K, Boyd, G. Report on condition assessment of wastewater collection systems. No. EPA/600/R-10/101, 2010, 45–51
|
| [39] |
Sun Y, Chen Z, Wu G X, Wu Q Y, Zhang F, Niu Z B, Hu H Y. Characteristics of water quality of municipal wastewater treatment plants in China: implications for resources utilization and management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016, 131: 1–9
|
| [40] |
Zhang Q H, Yang W N, Ngo H H, Guo W S, Jin P K, Dzakpasu M, Yang S J, Wang Q, Wang X C, Ao D. Current status of urban wastewater treatment plants in China. Environment International, 2016, 92-93: 11–22
|
| [41] |
China Urban Water Association. 2014 Urban Drainage Statistical Yearbook of China. 2015. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [42] |
Hao X D, Zhao J, Li J Q. Feasibility analysis of centralized WWTPs instead of septic tanks. Water Resource Protection, 2006, 22(4): 85–87 (in Chinese)
|
| [43] |
Guan A F, Wang H P, Liu T J, Zhang H B. Inspection and trenchless repair technologies for drainage pipeline in Guangzhou. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2014, 40(1): 97–101 (in Chinese)
|
| [44] |
Lin M B. Inspection and analysis of sewer pipelines in old city zone of Fuzhou city and discussion of the trenchless rehabilitation techniques chooses. Fujian Architecture & Construction, 2014, (5): 59–62 (in Chinese)
|
| [45] |
Huang C, Wang Y T, Huang T Y, Qin F J, Chen X. Evaluation and maintenance analysis of the sewer system of the Gusu district of Suzhou. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2015, 41(3): 98–102 (in Chinese)
|
| [46] |
Gao J.Investigation on illicit connections in Chongming District of Shanghai. Urban Roads Bridges & Flood Control, 2016, (10): 92–95 (in Chinese)
|
| [47] |
Meng Y Y, Li T, Wang S. Study on sources of illicit discharge to separate stormwater systems in residential districts in Shanghai. China Water & Wastewater, 2011, 27 (6): 12–15 (in Chinese)
|
| [48] |
Li T, Zhang S F, Shi Z B. Evaluation on ground water infiltration capacity into Shanghai sewerage system. China Water & Wastewater, 2003, 19(7): 12–15 (in Chinese)
|
| [49] |
Liu X H, Zhang J S, Goulven I. Ground water infiltration in Shenzhen drainage system. China Water & Wastewater, 2013, 29(3): 77–79 (in Chinese)
|
| [50] |
Duran O, Althoefer K, Seneviratne L D. State of the art in sensor technologies for sewer inspection. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2002, 2(2): 73–81
|
| [51] |
Mehan G T. The clean water and drinking water infrastructure gap analysis. EPA–816–R–02–020, 2002 Available online at 160;(accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [52] |
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Process design manual for sulfide control in sanitary sewerage systems. 1974.
|
| [53] |
Pikaar I, Sharma K R, Hu S, Gernjak W, Keller J, Yuan Z. Water engineering. Reducing sewer corrosion through integrated urban water management. Science, 2014, 345(6198): 812–814
|
| [54] |
Jiang G, Sun J, Sharma K R, Yuan Z. Corrosion and odor management in sewer systems. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2015, 33: 192–197
|
| [55] |
Jiang F, Leung D H W, Li S, Chen G H, Okabe S, van Loosdrecht M C. A biofilm model for prediction of pollutant transformation in sewers. Water Research, 2009, 43(13): 3187–3198
|
| [56] |
Liang S, Zhang L, Jiang F. Indirect sulfur reduction via polysulfide contributes to serious odor problem in a sewer receiving nitrate dosage. Water Research, 2016, 100: 421–428
|
| [57] |
Jiang G, Wightman E, Donose B C, Yuan Z, Bond P L, Keller J. The role of iron in sulfide induced corrosion of sewer concrete. Water Research, 2014, 49: 166–174
|
| [58] |
Jiang G, Zhou M, Chiu T H, Sun X, Keller J, Bond P L. Wastewater-Enhanced Microbial Corrosion of Concrete Sewers. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(15): 8084–8092
|
| [59] |
Li X, Kappler U, Jiang G, Bond P L. The ecology of acidophilic microorganisms in the corroding concrete sewer environment. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2017, 8: 683
|
| [60] |
Feeney C S, Thayer S, Bonomo M, Martel K. White paper on condition assessment of wastewater collection systems. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Cincinnati, Ohio, 2009
|
| [61] |
Guan A F. Technical Guide for Trenchless Rehabilitation Engineering of Urban Sewer Pipeline. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2016 (in Chinese)
|
| [62] |
Zheng R D. The applied research on CCTV inspection technique and assessment for sewer in Shanghai. Dissertation for the Master Degree. Shanghai: Tongji University, 2006 (in Chinese)
|
| [63] |
Yang W B. Applications of Closed-circuit Television (CCTV) technology for sewer inspection in urban city. Construction Science and Technology, 2013, (9): 70–71 (in Chinese)
|
| [64] |
Wang Z Z, Li T. Comprehensive costs analysis of conventional and trenchless technology for the rehabilitation of urban sewer system. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2008, 34(6): 95–99 (in Chinese)
|
| [65] |
Gupta B S, Chandrasekaran S, Ibrahim S. A survey of sewer rehabilitation in Malaysia: Application of trenchless technologies. Urban Water, 2001, 3(4): 309–315
|
| [66] |
Ma B, Najafi M. Development and applications of trenchless technology in China. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2008, 23(4): 476–480
|
| [67] |
Chinadaily. 2014. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [68] |
Xinhuanet. Application of trenchless technology in Changzhou sewer network. 2015. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [69] |
Yuyao news. 2016. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [70] |
China Ningbo net. 2013. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [71] |
Lishui news. 2014. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [72] |
Hefei news. 2015. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [73] |
Shenzhen news. 2014. Available online at 160;(in Chinese) (accessed by December 31, 2016)
|
| [74] |
Hu S.The Application of CIPP inversion technology in Liuyang drainage pipeline rehabilitation project. Chinese and Overseas Architecture, 2007, (8): 88–90 (in Chinese)
|
| [75] |
Yu J.Application of UV-cured full-lined trenchless technology for sewer main rehabilitation. China New Technologies and New Products, 2014, (4): 11–12 (in Chinese)
|
| [76] |
Lin X W. Application of UV-curing technology in sewage pipeline repair at Tongbing Road, Xiamen. Municipal Engineering Technology, 2015, 33(5): 117–118 (in Chinese)
|
| [77] |
Zhang H B, Guan A F, Liu T J, Zhang G X. Application of ultraviolet light cured liners for sewer rehabilitation. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2015, 41(2): 103–106 (in Chinese)
|
| [78] |
Ariaratnam S T. Survey questionnaire results of the current level of knowledge on trenchless technologies in China. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2010, 25(6): 802–810
|
| [79] |
Zang C, Dong Y G, Li B. Discussion on technical problems in application of pipe-bursting method on pipeline replacement. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2013, 39(8): 110–113 (in Chinese)
|
| [80] |
Zhao J Y, Zhou L, Guan A F, Yang J W, Liu T J, Li S M, Liang H, Deng G Y. Analysis of suitable technologies for sewer rehabilitation in Guangzhou city. Water-Industry Market, 2012, 1: 55–58 (in Chinese)
|
| [81] |
Zhang S Y, Wang Z Y. Application of CIPP inversion lining technique for sewer rehabilitation without excavation. Beijing Water, 2010, 3: 34–37 (in Chinese)
|
| [82] |
Wang G, Zhao Z B. Application of lining repair technology with water in sewer rehabilitation. China Water & Wastewater, 2014, 30(16): 133–135 (in Chinese)
|
| [83] |
Zhang W W. Discussion on application of liner inversion cured–in–place pipe method for sewer rehabilitation in Chuansha Road. Urban Roads Bridges & Flood Control, 2014, (3): 91–94 (in Chinese)
|
| [84] |
Wang Y. Discussion and application of UV lining repair in drainage pipe network reconstruction. Municipal Engineering Technology, 2016, 34(3): 123–126 (in Chinese)
|
| [85] |
Shu Y L. Comprehensive analysis on the status of municipal water supply and drainage pipelines and their inspection and rehabilitation. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2013, 39(4): 121–125 (in Chinese)
|
| [86] |
Zhang L, De Schryver P, De Gusseme B, De Muynck W, Boon N, Verstraete W. Chemical and biological technologies for hydrogen sulfide emission control in sewer systems: A review. Water Research, 2008, 42(1–2): 1–12
|
| [87] |
Gutierrez O, Mohanakrishnan J, Sharma K R, Meyer R L, Keller J, Yuan Z. Evaluation of oxygen injection as a means of controlling sulfide production in a sewer system. Water Research, 2008, 42(17): 4549–4561
|
| [88] |
Ganigue R, Gutierrez O, Rootsey R, Yuan Z. Chemical dosing for sulfide control in Australia: An industry survey. Water Research, 2011, 45(19): 6564–6574
|
| [89] |
Zhang L, Keller J, Yuan Z. Inhibition of sulfate-reducing and methanogenic activities of anaerobic sewer biofilms by ferric iron dosing. Water Research, 2009, 43(17): 4123–4132
|
| [90] |
Sun J, Pikaar I, Sharma K R, Keller J, Yuan Z. Feasibility of sulfide control in sewers by reuse of iron rich drinking water treatment sludge. Water Research, 2015, 71: 150–159
|
| [91] |
Jiang G, Gutierrez O, Sharma K R, Yuan Z. Effects of nitrite concentration and exposure time on sulfide and methane production in sewer systems. Water Research, 2010, 44(14): 4241–4251
|
| [92] |
Jiang G, Gutierrez O, Yuan Z. The strong biocidal effect of free nitrous acid on anaerobic sewer biofilms. Water Research, 2011, 45(12): 3735–3743
|
| [93] |
Jiang G, Keating A, Corrie S, O’halloran K, Nguyen L, Yuan Z. Dosing free nitrous acid for sulfide control in sewers: results of field trials in Australia. Water Research, 2013, 47(13): 4331–4339
|
| [94] |
Harris R J, Dobson C. Sewer pipe infiltration assessment: Comparison of electro-scan, joint pressure testing, and CCTV inspection. In Pipelines 2006: Service to the Owner, 2006
|
| [95] |
Pemberton K. Made in China: Trenchless Technology. Melbourne: Great Southern Press, 2005, 38–41
|
| [96] |
Jia H F, Wang Z, Zhen X Y, Clar M, Yu S L. China’s sponge city construction: A discussion on technical approaches. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2017, 11(4): 18
|
| [97] |
Ren N Q, Wang Q R, Huang H, Wang X H. Upgrading to urban water system 3.0 through sponge city construction. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2017, 11(4): 9
|
| [98] |
Song C, Liu X, Song Y, Liu R, Gao H, Han L, Peng J. Key blackening and stinking pollutants in Dongsha River of Beijing: Spatial distribution and source identification. Journal of Environmental Management, 2017, 200: 335–346
|
| [99] |
Gutierrez O, Park D, Sharma K R, Yuan Z. Iron salts dosage for sulfide control in sewers induces chemical phosphorus removal during wastewater treatment. Water Research, 2010, 44(11): 3467–3475
|
RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS
Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature