How aerosol direct effects influence the source contributions to PM_2.5 concentrations over Southern Hebei, China in severe winter haze episodes

Highlights

The aerosol direct effects result in a 3%–9% increase in PM_2.5 concentrations over Southern Hebei.

These impacts are substantially different under different PM_2.5 loadings.

Industrial and domestic contributions will be underestimated if ignoring the feedbacks.

Abstract

Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area is the most air polluted region in China and the three neighborhood southern Hebei cities, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, and Handan, are listed in the top ten polluted cities with severe PM_2.5 pollution. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of aerosol direct effects on air quality over the southern Hebei cities, as well as the impacts when considering those effects on source apportionment using three dimensional air quality models. The WRF/Chem model was applied over the East Asia and northern China at 36 and 12 km horizontal grid resolutions, respectively, for the period of January 2013, with two sets of simulations with or without aerosol-meteorology feedbacks. The source contributions of power plants, industrial, domestic, transportation, and agriculture are evaluated using the Brute-Force Method (BFM) under the two simulation configurations. Our results indicate that, although the increases in PM_2.5 concentrations due to those effects over the three southern Hebei cities are only 3%–9% on montly average, they are much more significant under high PM_2.5 loadings (~50 μg·m⁻³ when PM_2.5 concentrations are higher than 400 μg m⁻³). When considering the aerosol feedbacks, the contributions of industrial and domestic sources assessed using the BFM will obviously increase (e.g., from 30%–34% to 32%–37% for industrial), especially under high PM_2.5 loadings (e.g., from 36%–44% to 43%–47% for domestic when PM_2.5>400 μg·m⁻³). Our results imply that the aerosol direct effects should not be ignored during severe pollution episodes, especially in short-term source apportionment using the BFM.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Aerosol direct effect / PM_2.5 / Southern Hebei / WRF/Chem / Haze

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Acknowledgements

This study was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41475131), Hebei Science Fund of Distinguished Young Scholars (No. D2017402086), the Program for the Outstanding Young Scholars of Hebei Province, the Hebei Support Program of Hundred Outstanding Innovative Talents from Universities (SLRC2017025), Hebei Cultivating Project of Talent Development (A2016002022), the Innovation Team Leader Talent Cultivation Fund of Hebei University of Engineering.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-018-1014-2 and is accessible for authorized users.

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