PDF
(1463KB)
Abstract
Distribution characteristics of various RPMs in urban mines are summarized.
Conventional and emerging RPM recycling technologies are reviewed systematically.
Advantages and shortcomings of various technologies are discussed and highlighted.
![]()
Urban mining is essential for continued natural resource extraction. The recovery of rare and precious metals (RPMs) from urban mines has attracted increasing attention from both academic and industrial sectors, because of the broad application and high price of RPMs, and their low content in natural ores. This study summarizes the distribution characteristics of various RPMs in urban mines, and the advantages and shortcomings of various technologies for RPM recovery from urban mines, including both conventional (pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and biometallurgical processing), and emerging (electrochemical, supercritical fluid, mechanochemical, and ionic liquids processing) technologies. Mechanical/physical technologies are commonly employed to separate RPMs from nonmetallic components in a pre-treatment process. A pyrometallurgical process is often used for RPM recovery, although the expensive equipment required has limited its use in small and medium-sized enterprises. Hydrometallurgical processing is effective and easy to operate, with high selectivity of target metals and high recovery efficiency of RPMs, compared to pyrometallurgy. Biometallurgy, though, has shown the most promise for leaching RPMs from urban mines, because of its low cost and environmental friendliness. Newly developed technologies—electrochemical, supercritical fluid, ionic liquid, and mechanochemical—have offered new choices and achieved some success in laboratory experiments, especially as efficient and environmentally friendly methods of recycling RPMs. With continuing advances in science and technology, more technologies will no doubt be developed in this field, and be able to contribute to the sustainability of RPM mining.
Graphical abstract
Keywords
Rare and precious metals (RPMs)
/
Distribution characteristics
/
Recycling technology
/
Emerging technology
/
Supercritical fluid
Cite this article
Download citation ▾
Mengmeng Wang, Quanyin Tan, Joseph F. Chiang, Jinhui Li.
Recovery of rare and precious metals from urban mines—A review.
Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2017, 11(5): 1 DOI:10.1007/s11783-017-0963-1
| [1] |
Zhou T, Goldfarb R J, Phillips N G. Tectonics and distribution of gold deposits in China: an overview. Mineralium Deposita, 2002, 37(3): 249–282
|
| [2] |
Pirajno F, Bagas L. Gold and silver metallogeny of the South China Fold Belt: a consequence of multiple mineralizing events? Ore Geology Reviews, 2002, 20(3): 109–126
|
| [3] |
Huang K, Guo J, Xu Z. Recycling of waste printed circuit boards: a review of current technologies and treatment status in China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 164(2–3): 399–408
|
| [4] |
Akcil A, Erust C, Gahan C S, Ozgun M, Sahin M, Tuncuk A. Precious metal recovery from waste printed circuit boards using cyanide and non-cyanide lixiviants: a review. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 2015, 45: 258–271
|
| [5] |
Kim C H, Woo S I, Jeon S H. Recovery of platinum-group metals from recycled automotive catalytic converters by carbochlorination. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2000, 39(5): 1185–1192
|
| [6] |
Glaister B J, Mudd G M. The environmental costs of platinum–PGM mining and sustainability: Is the glass half-full or half-empty? Minerals Engineering, 2010, 23(5): 438–450
|
| [7] |
Xiao Z, Laplante A R. Characterizing and recovering the platinum group minerals: a review. Minerals Engineering, 2004, 17(9–10): 961–979
|
| [8] |
Muchova L, Bakker E, Rem P. Precious metals in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. Water Air and Soil Pollution Focus, 2008, 9(1–2): 107–116
|
| [9] |
Wei S, Liu J, Zhang S, Chen X, Liu Q, Zhu L, Guo L, Liu X. Stoichiometry, isotherms and kinetics of adsorption of In(III) on Cyanex 923 impregnated HZ830 resin from hydrochloric acid solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 2016, 164: 219–227
|
| [10] |
Font O, Querol X, Juan R, Casado R, Ruiz C R, Lopez-Soler A, Coca P, Garcia Pena F. Recovery of gallium and vanadium from gasification fly ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007, 139(3): 413–423
|
| [11] |
Gupta B, Mudhar N, Begum Z, Singh I. Extraction and recovery of Ga(III) from waste material using Cyanex 923. Hydrometallurgy, 2007, 87(1–2): 18–26
|
| [12] |
Wang A, Wang Y, Kabe T, Chen Y, Ishihara A, Qian W. Hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene over siliceous MCM-41-supported catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 2001, 199(1): 19–29
|
| [13] |
Song C, Reddy K M. Mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41 supported Co–Mo catalyst for hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene in distillate fuels. Applied Catalysis A, General, 1999, 176(1): 1–10
|
| [14] |
Duan H, Wang J, Liu L, Huang Q, Li J. Rethinking China’s strategic mineral policy on indium: implication for the flat screens and photovoltaic industries. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2016, 24(1): 83–93
|
| [15] |
Scrosati B, Garche J. Lithium batteries: status, prospects and future. Journal of Power Sources, 2010, 195(9): 2419–2430
|
| [16] |
Guo X, Liu J, Qin H, Liu Y, Tian Q, Li D. Recovery of metal values from waste printed circuit boards using an alkali fusion–leaching–separation process. Hydrometallurgy, 2015, 156: 199–205
|
| [17] |
Alfantazi A M, Moskalyk R R. Processing of indium: a review. Minerals Engineering, 2003, 16(8): 687–694
|
| [18] |
Li J. Wastes could be resources and cities could be mines. Waste Management & Research, 2015, 33(4): 301–302
|
| [19] |
Binnemans K, Jones P T, Blanpain B, Van Gerven T, Yang Y, Walton A, Buchert M. Recycling of rare earths: a critical review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2013, 51: 1–22
|
| [20] |
Zhang L, Xu Z. A review of current progress of recycling technologies for metals from waste electrical and electronic equipment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016, 127: 19–36
|
| [21] |
Zeng X, Zheng L, Xie H, Lu B, Xia K, Chao K, Li W, Yang J, Lin S, Li J. Current status and future perspective of waste printed circuit boards recycling. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2012, 16: 590–597
|
| [22] |
Goodenough J B, Park K S. The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2013, 135(4): 1167–1176
|
| [23] |
Reddi G S, Rao C R M. Analytical techniques for the determination of precious metals in geological and related materials. Analyst (London), 1999, 124(11): 1531–1540
|
| [24] |
Zhang J F, Zhou Y, Yoon J, Kim J S. Recent progress in fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors for detection of precious metal ions (silver, gold and platinum ions). Chemical Society Reviews, 2011, 40(7): 3416–3429
|
| [25] |
Kumar V, Lee J C, Jeong J, Jha M K, Kim B S, Singh R. Recycling of printed circuit boards (PCBs) to generate enriched rare metal concentrate. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2015, 21: 805–813
|
| [26] |
Cui J, Zhang L. Metallurgical recovery of metals from electronic waste: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 158(2–3): 228–256
|
| [27] |
Zeng X, Wang F, Sun X, Li J. Recycling indium from scraped glass of liquid crystal display: process optimizing and mechanism exploring. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2015, 3(7): 1306–1312
|
| [28] |
Zeng X, Li J, Singh N. Recycling of spent lithium-ion battery: a critical review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2014, 44(10): 1129–1165
|
| [29] |
Zeng X, Gong R, Chen W Q, Li J. Uncovering the recycling potential of “new” WEEE in China. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(3): 1347–1358
|
| [30] |
Zeng X, Li J, Liu L. Solving spent lithium-ion battery problems in China: opportunities and challenges. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 52: 1759–1767
|
| [31] |
Li J, Shi P, Wang Z, Chen Y, Chang C C. A combined recovery process of metals in spent lithium-ion batteries. Chemosphere, 2009, 77(8): 1132–1136
|
| [32] |
Zeng X, Li J, Ren Y.Prediction of various discarded lithium batteries in China. In: 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology (ISSST). Beijing: IEEE, 2012,1–4
|
| [33] |
Xu J, Thomas H R, Francis R W, Lum K R, Wang J, Liang B. A review of processes and technologies for the recycling of lithium-ion secondary batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 177(2): 512–527
|
| [34] |
Stevels A, Huisman J, Wang F, Li J, Li B, Duan H. Take back and treatment of discarded electronics: a scientific update. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2013, 7(4): 475-482
|
| [35] |
Zeng X, Li J. Implications for the carrying capacity of lithium reserve in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2013, 80: 58–63
|
| [36] |
Jian C, Jisheng Y, Youyuan Z, Zhifei C, Xi W, Junwu H.Recovery indium from waster ITO target. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 2003, 1: 023 (in Chinese)
|
| [37] |
Lee C H, Jeong M K, Fatih Kilicaslan M, Lee J H, Hong H S, Hong S J. Recovery of indium from used LCD panel by a time efficient and environmentally sound method assisted HEBM. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 2013, 33(3): 730–734
|
| [38] |
Ivanovic S Z, Trujuc V K, Gorgievski M D, Misic L D, Bozic D S. Removal of platinum group metals (PGMs) from the spent automobile catalyst by the pyrometallurgical process. In: Ekinovi S, Calvet J V, Tacer E, eds. Trends in the Development of Machinery and Associated Technology. Prague: TMT2011, 2011, 701
|
| [39] |
Sun F, Wu W, Wu Z, Guo J, Wei Z, Yang Y, Jiang Z, Tian F, Li C. Dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization activity and surface sites of silica-supported MoP, Ni2P, and NiMoP catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 2004, 228(2): 298–310
|
| [40] |
Shabaker J. Aqueous-phase reforming of methanol and ethylene glycol over alumina-supported platinum catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 2003, 215(2): 344–352
|
| [41] |
Yang Z, Rui-lin M, Wang-dong N, Hui W. Selective leaching of base metals from copper smelter slag. Hydrometallurgy, 2010, 103(1–4): 25–29
|
| [42] |
Cui J, Forssberg E. Mechanical recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment: a review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2003, 99(3): 243–263
|
| [43] |
Yoo J M, Jeong J, Yoo K, Lee J, Kim W. Enrichment of the metallic components from waste printed circuit boards by a mechanical separation process using a stamp mill. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 2009, 29(3): 1132–1137
|
| [44] |
Lee J C, Song H T, Yoo J M. Present status of the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Korea. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2007, 50(4): 380–397
|
| [45] |
Zhou Y, Qiu K. A new technology for recycling materials from waste printed circuit boards. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 175(1–3): 823–828
|
| [46] |
Hagelüken C, Corti C W. Recycling of gold from electronics: cost-effective use through “Design for Recycling”. Gold Bulletin, 2010, 43(3): 209–220
|
| [47] |
Li J, Wang G, Xu Z. Environmentally-friendly oxygen-free roasting/wet magnetic separation technology for in situ recycling cobalt, lithium carbonate and graphite from spent LiCoO2/graphite lithium batteries. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 302: 97–104
|
| [48] |
Ma E, Lu R, Xu Z. An efficient rough vacuum-chlorinated separation method for the recovery of indium from waste liquid crystal display panels. Green Chemistry, 2012, 14(12): 3395
|
| [49] |
Kakumazaki J, Kato T, Sugawara K. Recovery of gold from incinerated sewage sludge ash by chlorination. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2014, 2(10): 2297–2300
|
| [50] |
Tuncuk A, Stazi V, Akcil A, Yazici E Y, Deveci H. Aqueous metal recovery techniques from e-scrap: Hydrometallurgy in recycling. Minerals Engineering, 2012, 25(1): 28–37
|
| [51] |
Sun L, Qiu K. Organic oxalate as leachant and precipitant for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 2012, 32(8): 1575–1582
|
| [52] |
Li L, Qu W, Zhang X, Lu J, Chen R, Wu F, Amine K. Succinic acid-based leaching system: a sustainable process for recovery of valuable metals from spent Li-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 282: 544–551
|
| [53] |
Zeng X, Li J, Shen B. Novel approach to recover cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion battery using oxalic acid. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2015, 295: 112–118
|
| [54] |
Nayaka G P, Pai K V, Santhosh G, Manjanna J. Dissolution of cathode active material of spent Li-ion batteries using tartaric acid and ascorbic acid mixture to recover Co. Hydrometallurgy, 2016, 161: 54–57
|
| [55] |
Nguyen T H, Sonu C H, Lee M S. Separation of Pt(IV), Pd(II), Rh(III) and Ir(IV) from concentrated hydrochloric acid solutions by solvent extraction. Hydrometallurgy, 2016, 164: 71–77
|
| [56] |
Zhang Z, Zhang F S. Selective recovery of palladium from waste printed circuit boards by a novel non-acid process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014, 279: 46–51
|
| [57] |
Lee J Y, Raju B, Kumar B N, Kumar J R, Park H K, Reddy B R. Solvent extraction separation and recovery of palladium and platinum from chloride leach liquors of spent automobile catalyst. Separation and Purification Technology, 2010, 73(2): 213–218
|
| [58] |
Chen X, Xu B, Zhou T, Liu D, Hu H, Fan S. Separation and recovery of metal values from leaching liquor of mixed-type of spent lithium-ion batteries. Separation and Purification Technology, 2015, 144: 197–205
|
| [59] |
Banda R, Sohn S H, Lee M S. Process development for the separation and recovery of Mo and Co from chloride leach liquors of petroleum refining catalyst by solvent extraction. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2012, 213–214: 1–6
|
| [60] |
Watling H R. The bioleaching of sulphide minerals with emphasis on copper sulphides: a review. Hydrometallurgy, 2006, 84(1–2): 81–108
|
| [61] |
Zhao L, Wang L, Yang D, Zhu N. Bioleaching of spent Ni-Cd batteries and phylogenetic analysis of an acidophilic strain in acidified sludge. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China, 2007, 1(4): 459-465 doi:10.1007/s11783-007-0073-6
|
| [62] |
Faramarzi M A, Stagars M, Pensini E, Krebs W, Brandl H. Metal solubilization from metal-containing solid materials by cyanogenic Chromobacterium violaceum. Journal of Biotechnology, 2004, 113(1–3): 321–326
|
| [63] |
Brandl H, Bosshard R, Wegmann M. Computer-munching microbes: metal leaching from electronic scrap by bacteria and fungi. Hydrometallurgy, 2001, 59(2–3): 319–326
|
| [64] |
Brandl H, Lehmann S, Faramarzi M A, Martinelli D. Biomobilization of silver, gold, and platinum from solid waste materials by HCN-forming microorganisms. Hydrometallurgy, 2008, 94(1–4): 14–17
|
| [65] |
Gadd G M. Biosorption: critical review of scientific rationale, environmental importance and significance for pollution treatment. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 2009, 84(1): 13–28
|
| [66] |
Gadd G M, Yao Q, Zhang H, Wu J, Shao L, He P. Biosorption of Cr(III) from aqueous solution by freeze-dried activated sludge: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China, 2010, 4(3): 286–294doi:10.1007/s11783-013-0484-5
|
| [67] |
Das N. Recovery of precious metals through biosorption — A review. Hydrometallurgy, 2010, 103(1–4): 180–189
|
| [68] |
Mata Y N, Torres E, Blazquez M L, Ballester A, Gonzalez F, Munoz J A. Gold(III) biosorption and bioreduction with the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 166(2–3): 612–618
|
| [69] |
Won S W, Mao J, Kwak I S, Sathishkumar M, Yun Y S. Platinum recovery from ICP wastewater by a combined method of biosorption and incineration. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(4): 1135–1140
|
| [70] |
Won S W, Kotte P, Wei W, Lim A, Yun Y S. Biosorbents for recovery of precious metals. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 160: 203–212
|
| [71] |
Won S W, Kwak I S, Yun Y S. The role of biomass in polyethylenimine-coated chitosan/bacterial biomass composite biosorbent fiber for removal of Ru from acetic acid waste solution. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 160: 93–97
|
| [72] |
Lister T E, Wang P, Anderko A. Recovery of critical and value metals from mobile electronics enabled by electrochemical processing. Hydrometallurgy, 2014, 149: 228–237
|
| [73] |
Oishi T, Koyama K, Alam S, Tanaka M, Lee J C. Recovery of high purity copper cathode from printed circuit boards using ammoniacal sulfate or chloride solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 2007, 89(1–2): 82–88
|
| [74] |
Oishi T, Yaguchi M, Koyama K, Tanaka M, Lee J C. Hydrometallurgical process for the recycling of copper using anodic oxidation of cuprous ammine complexes and flow-through electrolysis. Electrochimica Acta, 2008, 53(5): 2585–2592
|
| [75] |
Kim E Y, Kim M, Lee J, Jha M K, Yoo K, Jeong J. Effect of cuprous ions on Cu leaching in the recycling of waste PCBs, using electro-generated chlorine in hydrochloric acid solution. Minerals Engineering, 2008, 21(1): 121–128
|
| [76] |
Kim E Y, Kim M, Lee J, Yoo K, Jeong J. Leaching behavior of copper using electro-generated chlorine in hydrochloric acid solution. Hydrometallurgy, 2010, 100(3–4): 95–102
|
| [77] |
Kim E Y, Kim M, Lee J, Pandey B D. Selective recovery of gold from waste mobile phone PCBs by hydrometallurgical process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 198: 206–215
|
| [78] |
Myoung J, Jung Y, Lee J, Tak Y. Cobalt oxide preparation from waste LiCoO2 by electrochemical–hydrothermal method. Journal of Power Sources, 2002, 112(2): 639–642
|
| [79] |
Teoh W H, Mammucari R, Foster N R. Solubility of organometallic complexes in supercritical carbon dioxide: a review. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2013, 724: 102–116
|
| [80] |
Herrero M, Mendiola J A, Cifuentes A, Ibáñez E. Supercritical fluid extraction: recent advances and applications. Journal of Chromatography. A, 2010, 1217(16): 2495–2511
|
| [81] |
Erkey C. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of metals from aqueous solutions: a review. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2000, 17(3): 259–287
|
| [82] |
Liu K, Zhang Z, Zhang F S. Direct extraction of palladium and silver from waste printed circuit boards powder by supercritical fluids oxidation-extraction process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 318: 216–223
|
| [83] |
Xiu F R, Qi Y, Zhang F S. Leaching of Au, Ag, and Pd from waste printed circuit boards of mobile phone by iodide lixiviant after supercritical water pre-treatment. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 2015, 41: 134–141
|
| [84] |
Liu K, Zhang F S. Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 316: 19–25
|
| [85] |
Xiu F R, Qi Y, Zhang F S. Recovery of metals from waste printed circuit boards by supercritical water pre-treatment combined with acid leaching process. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 2013, 33(5): 1251–1257
|
| [86] |
Xing M, Zhang F S. Degradation of brominated epoxy resin and metal recovery from waste printed circuit boards through batch sub/supercritical water treatments. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 219: 131–136
|
| [87] |
Nasser A, Mingelgrin U. Mechanochemistry: a review of surface reactions and environmental applications. Applied Clay Science, 2012, 67–68: 141–150
|
| [88] |
Friščić T. New opportunities for materials synthesis using mechanochemistry. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2010, 20(36): 7599
|
| [89] |
James S L, Adams C J, Bolm C, Braga D, Collier P, Friscic T, Grepioni F, Harris K D, Hyett G, Jones W, Krebs A, Mack J, Maini L, Orpen A G, Parkin I P, Shearouse W C, Steed J W, Waddell D C. Mechanochemistry: opportunities for new and cleaner synthesis. Chemical Society Reviews, 2012, 41(1): 413–447
|
| [90] |
Zhang Q, Saeki S, Tanaka Y, Kano J, Saito F. A soft-solution process for recovering rare metals from metal/alloy-wastes by grinding and washing with water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007, 139(3): 438–442
|
| [91] |
Yuan W, Li J, Zhang Q, Saito F. Innovated application of mechanical activation to separate lead from scrap cathode ray tube funnel glass. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(7): 4109–4114
|
| [92] |
Wang M M, Zhang C C, Zhang F S. An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 2016, 51: 239–244
|
| [93] |
Kano J, Kobayashi E, Tongamp W, Miyagi S, Saito F. Non-thermal reduction of indium oxide and indium tin oxide by mechanochemical method. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2009, 484(1–2): 422–425
|
| [94] |
Tan Q, Li J. Recycling metals from wastes: a novel application of mechanochemistry. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(10): 5849–5861
|
| [95] |
Whitehead J A, Lawrance G A, McCluskey A. “Green” leaching: recyclable and selective leaching of gold-bearing ore in an ionic liquid. Green Chemistry, 2004, 6(7): 313–315
|
| [96] |
Han D, Row K H. Recent applications of ionic liquids in separation technology. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2010, 15(4): 2405–2426
|
| [97] |
Fischer L, Falta T, Koellensperger G, Stojanovic A, Kogelnig D, Galanski M, Krachler R, Keppler B K, Hann S. Ionic liquids for extraction of metals and metal containing compounds from communal and industrial waste water. Water Research, 2011, 45(15): 4601–4614
|
| [98] |
Yang F, Kubota F, Baba Y, Kamiya N, Goto M. Selective extraction and recovery of rare earth metals from phosphor powders in waste fluorescent lamps using an ionic liquid system. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 254–255: 79–88
|
| [99] |
Papaiconomou N, Lee J M, Salminen J, von Stosch M, Prausnitz J M. Selective extraction of copper, mercury, silver, and palladium ions from water using hydrophobic ionic liquids. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2007, 47(15): 5080–5086
|
| [100] |
Zeng X, Li J. Innovative application of ionic liquid to separate Al and cathode materials from spent high-power lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014, 271: 50–56
|
RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS
Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg