Is sodium percarbonate a good choice in situ remediation of deltamethrin pollution?

Highlights

Danio rerio behavior responses could reflect environmental stress of DM pollution.

Sodium percarbonate is a good choice in situ remediation of the DM pollution.

In situ remediation of DM based on online mixing and monitoring system is effective.

Abstract

In this research, the toxic effects of deltamethrin (DM) on the behavior responses of Zebra fish (Danio rerio) in the characteristic of behavior strength were investigated followed by an assessment of an in situ remediation of the DM pollution using sodium percarbonate. Behavior strength ofDanio rerio was approximately 0.83 in the control group and was slightly higher than 0.83 in the sublethal treatment (0.1 TU (toxic unit)), which suggested that sublethal DM exposure could induce a stimulation effect in 48 h of exposure. In lower DM concentration treatments (0.5 and 1.0 TU), behavior strength could be inhibited significantly. Behavior responses ofDanio rerio showed a gradually increased tendency when they were exposed to higher concentration of DM, and the declining amplitudes of behavior strength changed with the increase of DM concentrations. These results suggested that DM had evident acute toxicity effects on the behavior responses ofDanio rerio with a good dose-effect relationship. The in situ remediation of the DM pollution using sodium percarbonate showed that the toxic effect of DM on behavior responses ofDanio rerio could be eliminated even in the highest concentration of DM (5.0 TU). Meanwhile, the behavior response of Danio rerio in the treatment of sodium percarbonate was the same as in the control, which indicated that sodium percarbonate had no evident toxic effects on the behavior ofDanio rerio in the current concentration. This study suggested that adding sodium percarbonate in situ might be a good way to eliminate the DM toxic effects.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Behavior strength / Sublethal treatment / Detoxification / Accidental pollution

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Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21107135) and the Ji’nan High-level Talent Plan (No. 2013041). The authors thank Dr. Li Shu for proofreading the manuscript.

Compliance with ethics guidelines

All authors declared that they have no proprietary, financial, professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any products cited in the paper. Zongming Ren conceived and designed the study. Xu Zhang, Baigang Ren, Cheng Wang and Qiang Kong performed the experiments. Zongming Ren and Shiguo Xu wrote the paper. Sangge Li, Xiaodi Qu, and Huanhuan Yang made the data analysis. Zongming Ren and Qiang Kong reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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