Development of source profiles and their application in source apportionment of PM_2.5 in Xiamen, China

Abstract

Seasonal and spatial distribution of PM_2.5 and its component were shown.

Local source profiles of major PM_2.5 sources were developed.

Source apportionment was conducted using CMB model.

Inorganic secondary components is the biggest contribution at Xiamen.

Ambient PM_2.5 samples were collected at four sites in Xiamen, including Gulangyu (GLY), Hongwen (HW), Huli (HL) and Jimei (JM) during January, April, July and October 2013. Local source samples were obtained from coal burning power plants, industries, motor vehicles, biomass burning, fugitive dust, and sea salt for the source apportionment studies. The highest value of PM_2.5 mass concentration and species related to human activities (SO₄^2–, NO₃^–, Pb, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) were found in the ambient samples from HL, and the highest and lowest loadings of PM_2.5 and its components occurred in winter and summer, respectively. The reconstructed mass balance indicated that ambient PM_2.5 consisted of 24% OM (organic matter), 23% sulfate, 14% nitrate, 9% ammonium, 9% geological material, 6% sea salt, 5% EC and 10% others. For the source profiles, the dominant components were OC for coal burning, motor vehicle, biomass burning and sea salt; SO₄^2– for industry; and crustal elements for fugitive dust. Source contributions were calculated using a chemical mass balance (CMB) model based on ambient PM_2.5 concentrations and the source profiles. GLY was characterized by high contributions from secondary sulfate and cooking, while HL and JM were most strongly affected by motor vehicle emissions, and biomass burning and fugitive dust, respectively. The CMB results indicated that PM_2.5 from Xiamen is composed of 27.4% secondary inorganic components, 20.8% motor vehicle emissions, 11.7% fugitive dust, 9.9% sea salt, 9.3% coal burning, 5.0% biomass burning, 3.1% industry and 6.8% others.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

PM_2.5 / Source profile / Source apportionment / CMB / Xiamen

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Xiamen Environmental Protection Special Project (No. 19 (10), 2013), Science and Technology Project of Fujian Provincial Environmental Protection Department (2014), and also supported by a project from Ministry of Science and Technology (2013FY112700) and the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41673125).

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