Organic nitrogen in PM2.5 in Beijing
Qian ZHANG, Fengkui DUAN, Kebin HE, Yongliang MA, Haiyan LI, Takashi KIMOTO, Aihua ZHENG
Organic nitrogen in PM2.5 in Beijing
Nitrogenous species, as important chemical components in PM2.5, include organic nitrogen (ON) and inorganic nitrogen (IN), both of which have potential effects on human health, climate change and visibility degradation. In this study, we analyzed total nitrogen (TN) by CHN Elemental analyzer and inorganic nitrogen by ion chromatography (IC) respectively to obtain ON by calculating the difference between TN and IN. The results show that the mean ON concentrations in winter and summer are both 2.86 μg·m−3, ten times higher than other places reported on average. ON contributes about 20%–30% to TN on average in both seasons, presenting higher contribution in summer. N:C ratios are much higher in summer than winter. ON sources or formation were strengthened by heavy PM2.5 pollution loads, especially sensitive to sulfate. ON concentrations are higher at night in the both seasons, however with distinguished day and night difference patterns influenced by relative humidity (RH) conditions. In winter, ON concentrations increase with RH on average through low RH values to high RH values. The variations are far larger than the ones caused by day and night difference. However in summer, day and night difference dominates the variations of ON concentrations at low RH values, and RH conditions promote ON concentrations increase significantly only at high RH values. Dust related source and anthropogenic emission related secondary source are identified as important sources for ON. At heavy pollution loads, ON sources are more of secondary formation, possibly strengthened by combination influence of RH and acidity increase.
organic nitrogen / N:C ratio / secondary / day and night variation / relative humidity (RH) / acidity
[1] |
Yang F, Tan J, Zhao Q, Du Z, He K, Ma Y, Duan F, Chen G, Zhao Q. Characteristics of PM2.5 speciation in representative megacities and across China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 11(11): 5207–5219
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[2] |
He K, Yang F, Ma Y, Zhang Q, Yao X, Chan C K, Cadle S, Chan T, Mulawa P. The characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35(29): 4959–4970
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[3] |
Cape J N, Cornell S E, Jickells T D, Nemitz E. Organic nitrogen in the atmosphere—Where does it come from? A review of sources and methods. Atmospheric Research, 2011, 102(1−2): 30–48
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[4] |
Qiu C, Zhang R. Multiphase chemistry of atmospheric amines. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2013, 15(16): 5738–5752
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[5] |
Özel M Z, Hamilton J F, Lewis A C. New sensitive and quantitative analysis method for organic nitrogen compounds in urban aerosol samples. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(4): 1497–1505
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Seitzinger S P, Sanders R W. Atmospheric inputs of dissolved organic nitrogen stimulate estuarine bacteria and phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography, 1999, 44(3): 721–730
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[7] |
Jickells T, Baker A R, Cape J N, Cornell S E, Nemitz E. The cycling of organic nitrogen through the atmosphere. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 2013, 368(1621): 20130115
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Kanakidou M, Duce R A, Prospero J M, Baker A R, Benitez-Nelson C, Dentener F J, Hunter K A, Liss P S, Mahowald N, Okin G S, Sarin M, Tsigaridis K, Uematsu M, Zamora L M, Zhu T. Atmospheric fluxes of organic N and P to the global ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2012, 26(3): GB3026
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[9] |
Cornell S E. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition: revisiting the question of the importance of the organic component. Environmental Pollution, 2011, 159(10): 2214–2222
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[10] |
Zhang Q, Anastasio C. Chemistry of fog waters in California<?Pub Caret?>’s Central Valley—Part 3: concentrations and speciation of organic and inorganic nitrogen. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35(32): 5629–5643
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[11] |
Ge X L, Wexler A S, Clegg S L. Atmospheric amines—Part I. A review. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45(3): 524–546
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[12] |
Miyazaki Y, Kawamura K, Sawano M. Size distributions of organic nitrogen and carbon in remote marine aerosols: Evidence of marine biological origin based on their isotopic ratios. Geophysical Research Letters, 2010, 37(6): L06803
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Russell K M, Keene W C, Maben J R, Galloway J N, Moody J L. Phase partitioning and dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen at the mid-Atlantic U.S. coast. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2003, 108(D21): 4656, ACH-1–1-ACH-1–16
|
[14] |
Zhang Q, Anastasio C. Conversion of fogwater and aerosol organic nitrogen to ammonium, nitrate, and NOx during exposure to simulated sunlight and ozone. Environmental Science & Technology, 2003, 37(16): 3522–3530
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Bruns E A, Perraud V, Zelenyuk A, Ezell M J, Johnson S N, Yu Y, Imre D, Finlayson-Pitts B J, Alexander M L. Comparison of FTIR and particle mass spectrometry for the measurement of particulate organic nitrates. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(3): 1056–1061
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[16] |
Rollins A W. Formation mechanisms and quantification of organic nitrates in atmospheric aerosol. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Berkeley: UC Berkeley, 2010
|
[17] |
Day D A, Wooldridge P J, Dillon M B, Thornton J A, Cohen R C. A thermal dissociation laser-induced fluorescence instrument for in situ detection of NO2, peroxy nitrates, alkyl nitrates, and HNO3. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2002, 107(D6): 4046, ACH 4–1-ACH 4–14
|
[18] |
Rollins A W, Browne E C, Min K E, Pusede S E, Wooldridge P J, Gentner D R, Goldstein A H, Liu S, Day D A, Russell L M, Cohen R C. Evidence for NOx control over nighttime SOA formation. Nature, 2012, 337(6099): 1210–1212
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[19] |
Day D A, Dillion M B, Wooldridge P J, Thornton J A, Rosen R S, Wood E C, Cohen R C. On alkyl nitrates, O3, and the “missing NOy”. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2003, 108 (D16): 4501, ACH-7–1-ACH-7–10
|
[20] |
Nakamura T, Ogawa H, Maripi D K, Uematsu M. Contribution of water soluble organic nitrogen to total nitrogen in marine aerosols over the East China Sea and western North Pacific. Atmospheric Environment, 2006, 40(37): 7259–7264
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[21] |
Zhang Y, Zheng L, Liu X, Jickells T, Neil Cape J, Goulding K, Fangmeier A, Zhang F. Evidence for organic N deposition and its anthropogenic sources in China. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(5): 1035–1041
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[22] |
Duan F, Liu X, He K, Dong S. Measurements and characteristics of nitrogen-containing compounds in atmospheric particulate matter in Beijing, China. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2009, 82(3): 332–337
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[23] |
Shi J, Gao H, Qi J, Zhang J, Yao X. Sources, compositions, and distributions of water-soluble organic nitrogen in aerosols over the China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres, 2010, 115(D17): D17303
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[24] |
Cheng Y, He K B, Duan F K, Du Z Y, Zheng M, Ma Y L. Ambient organic carbon to elemental carbon ratios: influence of the thermal-optical temperature protocol and implications. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 468−469: 1103–1111
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[25] |
Miyazaki Y, Fu P, Ono K, Tachibana E, Kawamura K. Seasonal cycles of water-soluble organic nitrogen aerosols in a deciduous broadleaf forest in northern Japan. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres, 2014, 119(3): 1440–1454
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[26] |
Rastogi N, Zhang X, Edgerton E S, Ingall E, Weber R J. Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45(33): 6040–6047
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[27] |
de Haan D O, Corrigan A L, Smith K W, Stroik D R, Turley J J, Lee F E, Tolbert M A, Jimenez J L, Cordova K E, Ferrell G R. Secondary organic aerosol-forming reactions of glyoxal with amino acids. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009, 43(8): 2818–2824
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[28] |
Lim Y B, Ziemann P J. Kinetics of the heterogeneous conversion of 1,4-hydroxycarbonyls to cyclic hemiacetals and dihydrofurans on organic aerosol particles. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2009, 11(36): 8029–8039
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[29] |
Wang X, Gao S, Yang X, Chen H, Chen J, Zhuang G, Surratt J D, Chan M N, Seinfeld J H. Evidence for high molecular weight nitrogen-containing organic salts in urban aerosols. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(12): 4441–4446
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Sun Y, Wang Z, Fu P, Jiang Q, Yang T, Li J, Ge X. The impact of relative humidity on aerosol composition and evolution processes during wintertime in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment, 2013, 77: 927–934
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[31] |
Neff J, Holland E, Dentener F, Mcdowell W, Russell K. The origin, composition and rates of organic nitrogen deposition: A missing piece of the nitrogen cycle? Biogeochemistry, 2002, 57−58(1): 99–136
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[32] |
Aiken A C, Decarlo P F, Kroll J H, Worsnop D R, Huffman J A, Docherty K S, Ulbrich I M, Mohr C, Kimmel J R, Sueper D, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Trimborn A, Northway M, Ziemann P J, Canagaratna M R, Onasch T B, Alfarra M R, Prevot A S H, Dommen J, Duplissy J, Metzger A, Baltensperger U, Jimenez J L. O/C and OM/OC ratios of primary, secondary, and ambient organic aerosols with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(12): 4478–4485
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[33] |
Fry J L, Draper D C, Zarzana K J, Campuzano-Jost P, Day D A, Jimenez J L, Brown S S, Cohen R C, Kaser L, Hansel A, Cappellin L, Karl T, Hodzic Roux A, Turnipseed A, Cantrell C, Lefer B L, Grossberg N. Observations of gas- and aerosol-phase organic nitrates at BEACHON-RoMBAS 2011. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13(17): 8585–8605
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[34] |
Galloway M M, Chhabra P S, Chan A W H, Surratt J D, Flagan R C, Seinfeld J H, Keutsch F N. Glyoxal uptake on ammonium sulphate seed aerosol: reaction products and reversibility of uptake under dark and irradiated conditions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2009, 9(10): 3331–3345
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[35] |
Ervens B, Volkamer R. Glyoxal processing by aerosol multiphase chemistry: towards a kinetic modeling framework of secondary organic aerosol formation in aqueous particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010, 10(17): 8219–8244
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[36] |
Walsh M P. PM2.5: global progress in controlling the motor vehicle. Frontiers of Environment Science and Engineering, 2014, 8(1): 1–17
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
/
〈 | 〉 |