Effects of molecular weight and concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose on morphology of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as prepared with one-step wet chemical method

Abstract

Nano-sized apatite particles (nAP) synthesized with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) have shown great application potentials in in situ heavy metal remediation. However, differences in CMC’s properties effects on the size of nAP produced are not well understood. In this paper, two types of CMC, with respective molecular weights (MW) of ~120000 and ~240000 Dalton or respective polymerization degrees of 500 (CMC-500) and 1050 (CMC-1050), were studied in a concentration range of 0.05%–0.5% (w/w) for nAP synthesis. Morphology of the particles was characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results showed that 0.05% CMC-500 solution gave an average particle size of 148.7±134.9 nm, 0.25% CMC-500 solution produced particles of 21.8±20.4 nm, and, 0.5% CMC-500 solution contained particles of 15.8±7.7 nm. In comparison, 0.05% CMC-1050 solution produced nanoparticles of 6.8±3.2 nm, 0.25% CMC-1050 produced smaller nAP of 4.3±3.2 nm, and 0.5% CMC-1050 synthesized the smallest nanoparticles in this study, with an average diameter of 3.0±2.1 nm. Chemical composition of the products was identified with X-ray diffraction (XRD) as pure hydroxyapatite. Interactions between nAP and CMC were discussed with help of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic data. This study showed that CMC at higher concentration as well as higher MW facilitated to produce finer nanoparticles, showing that nAP size could be manipulated by selecting appropriate CMC MW and/or applying appropriate CMC concentration.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

nanotechnology / nanoparticles / apatite / carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) / particle size

References

[1] Chaturvedi P K, Seth C S, Misra V. Sorption kinetics and leachability of heavy metal from the contaminated soil amended with immobilizing agent (humus soil and hydroxyapatite). Chemosphere, 2006, 64(7): 1109–1114

[2] Tica D, Udovic M, Lestan D. Immobilization of potentially toxic metals using different soil amendments. Chemosphere, 2011, 85(4): 577–583

[3] Tica D, Udovic M, Lestan D. Long-term efficiency of soil stabilization with apatite and Slovakite: the impact of two earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris and Dendrobaena veneta) on lead bioaccessibility and soil functioning. Chemosphere, 2013, 91(1): 1–6

[4] Mignardi S, Corami A, Ferrini V. Evaluation of the effectiveness of phosphate treatment for the remediation of mine waste soils contaminated with Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Chemosphere, 2012, 86(4): 354–360

[5] Liu R, Zhao D. Synthesis and characterization of a new class of stabilized apatite nanoparticles and applying the particles to in situ Pb immobilization in a fire-range soil. Chemosphere, 2013, 91(5): 594–601

[6] Liu R, Lal R. Synthetic apatite nanoparticles as a phosphorus fertilizer for soybean (Glycine max). Scientific Reports, 2014, 4: 5686–5691

[7] He F, Zhao D, Liu J, Roberts C B. Stabilization of Fe-Pd nanoparticles with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose for enhanced transport and dechlorination of trichloroethylene in soil and groundwater. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2007, 46(1): 29–34

[8] Wang Q, Qian H, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Naman C, Xu X. Reduction of hexavalent chromium by carboxymethyl cellulose-stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2010, 114(1−4): 35–42

[9] El-Temsah Y S, Joner E J. Ecotoxicological effects on earthworms of fresh and aged nano-sized zero-valent iron (nZVI) in soil. Chemosphere, 2012, 89(1): 76–82

[10] Si S, Kotal A, Mandal T K, Giri S, Nakamura H, Kohara T. Size-controlled synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles in the presence of polyelectrolytes. Chemistry of Materials, 2004, 16(18): 3489–3496

[11] Liu R, Zhao D. Reducing leachability and bioaccessibility of lead in soils using a new class of stabilized iron phosphate nanoparticles. Water Research, 2007, 41(12): 2491–2502

[12] Joo S H, Al-Abed S R, Luxton T. Influence of carboxymethyl cellulose for the transport of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in clean silica and mineral-coated sands. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009, 43(13): 4954–4959

[13] Hebeish A A, El-Rafie M H, Abdel-Mohdy F A, Abdel-Halim E S, Emam H E. Carboxymethyl cellulose for green synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2010, 82(3): 933–941

[14] Liu J, Sutton J, Roberts C B. Synthesis and extraction of monodisperse sodium carboxymethylcellulose-stabilized platinum nanoparticles for the self-assembly of ordered arrays. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2007, 111(31): 11566–11576

[15] Tan J, Liu R, Wang W, Liu W, Tian Y, Wu M, Huang Y. Controllable aggregation and reversible pH sensitivity of AuNPs regulated by carboxymethyl cellulose. Langmuir, 2010, 26(3): 2093–2098

[16] He F, Zhao D. Manipulating the size and dispersibility of zerovalent iron nanoparticles by use of carboxymethyl cellulose stabilizers. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007, 41(17): 6216–6221

[17] García-Orenes F, Guerrero C, Mataix-Solera J, Navarro-Pedrenõ J, Gómez I, Mataix-Beneyto J. Factors controlling the aggregate stability and bulk density in two different degraded soils amended with biosolids. Soil & Tillage Research, 2005, 82(1): 65–76

[18] Wang Z S, Hung M T, Liu J C. Sludge conditioning by using alumina nanoparticles and polyelectrolyte. Water Science and Technology, 2007, 56(8): 125–132

[19] Ojeda G, Alcañiz J M, Le Bissonnais Y. Differences in aggregate stability due to various sewage sludge treatments on a mediterranean calcareous soil. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2008, 125(1−4): 48–56

[20] Bouyer E, Gitzhofer F, Boulos M I. Morphological study of hydroxyapatite nanocrystal suspension. Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine, 2000, 11(8): 523–531

[21] Ferraz M P, Monteiro F J, Manuel C M. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: a review of preparation methodologies. Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Biomechanics, 2004, 2(2): 74–80

[22] Agricolae F de M. R package version 1.1−8. 2014.

[23] R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2014.

[24] Amendola V, Meneghetti M. Size evaluation of gold nanoparticles by UV-vis spectroscopy. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2009, 113(11): 4277–4285

[25] Wang Q, Cui S W. Understanding the physical properties of food polysaccharides. In: Cui S W, ed. Food carbohydrates: Chemistry, physical properties, and applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2005, 161–218

[26] Yang X, Zhu W. Viscosity properties of sodium carboxymethylcellulose solutions. Cellulose (London, England), 2007, 14(5): 409–417

[27] Matsumoto T, Zenkoh H. A new molecular model for complexation between carboxymethylcellulose and alkaline- earth metal ions in aqueous systems. Food Hydrocolloids, 1992, 6(4): 379–386

[28] Shimmin R G, Schoch A B, Braun P V. Polymer size and concentration effects on the size of gold nanoparticles capped by polymeric thiols. Langmuir, 2004, 20(13): 5613–5620

Acknowledgements

The authors greatly appreciated Mr. Christopher D. Eidson’s help in statistical analysis and Dr. Jose G. Guzman's help in manuscript preparation.

Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11783-015-0785-y and is accessible for authorized users.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2015 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg