Online single particle analysis of chemical composition and mixing state of crop straw burning particles: from laboratory study to field measurement
Juntao HUO, Xiaohui LU, Xinning WANG, Hong CHEN, Xingnan YE, Song Gao, Deborah S. Gross, Jianmin CHEN, Xin YANG
Online single particle analysis of chemical composition and mixing state of crop straw burning particles: from laboratory study to field measurement
Fresh straw burning (SB) particles were generated in the laboratory by the combustion of rice straw and corn straw. The chemical composition and mixing state of the fresh SB particles were investigated by an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS). Based on the mass spectral patterns, the SB particles were clustered into four major types: Salt, Organic Carbon (OC), Elemental Carbon (EC), and internally mixed particles of EC and OC (EC-OC). In addition, particles containing ash, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals or nicotine were also observed. Physical and chemical changes of the SB particles immediately after the emission were analyzed with highly time-resolved data. During the aging processes, the average particle size increased steadily. Freshly emitted organic compounds were gradually oxidized to more oxygenated compounds in the OC-containing particles. Meanwhile, an important displacement reaction (2KCl+ → K2SO4 + 2Cl−) was observed. The marker ions for SB particles were optimized and applied to identify the SB particles in the ambient atmosphere. The fluctuation of the number fraction of ambient SB particles sorted by ATOFMS agrees well with that of water soluble K+ measured by an online ion chromatography, demonstrating that the optimized marker ions could be good tracers for SB particles in field measurements.
crop straw burning particles / mixing state / aging process / ATOFMS / ion markers
[1] |
Crutzen P J, Andreae M O. Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science, 1990, 250(4988): 1669–1678
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[2] |
Hobbs P V, Reid J S, Kotchenruther R A, Ferek R J, Weiss R. Direct radiative forcing by smoke from biomass burning. Science, 1997, 275(5307): 1776–1778
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[3] |
Watson J G. Visibility: science and regulation. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2002, 52(6): 628–713
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[4] |
Streets D G, Yarber K F, Woo J H, Carmichael G R. Biomass burning in Asia: annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2003, 17(4): 1099
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[5] |
Gadde B, Bonnet S, Menke C, Garivait S. Air pollutant emissions from rice straw open field burning in India, Thailand and the Philippines. Environmental Pollution, 2009, 157(5): 1554–1558
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Ryu S Y, Kim J E, Zhuanshi H, Kim Y J, Kang G U. Chemical composition of post-harvest biomass burning aerosols in Gwangju, Korea. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2004, 54(9): 1124–1137 doi:10.1080/10473289.2004.10471018
Pubmed
|
[7] |
Zhang H F, Ye X N, Cheng T T, Chen J M, Yang X, Wang L, Zhang R Y. A laboratory study of agricultural crop residue combustion in China: emission factors and emission inventory. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(36): 8432–8441
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Cao G L, Zhang X Y, Wang Y Q, Zheng F C. Estimation of emissions from field burning of crop straw in China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2008, 53(5): 784–790
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[9] |
Qin Y, Xie S D. Historical estimation of carbonaceous aerosol emissions from biomass open burning in China for the period 1990–2005. Environmental Pollution, 2011, 159(12): 3316–3323
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[10] |
Li X, Wang S, Duan L, Hao J, Li C, Chen Y, Yang L. Particulate and trace gas emissions from open burning of wheat straw and corn stover in China. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007, 41(17): 6052–6058
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[11] |
Reid J S, Koppmann R, Eck T F, Eleuterio D P. A review of biomass burning emissions, Part II: Intensive physical properties of biomass burning particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2005, 5(3): 799–825
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[12] |
Healy R M, Hellebust S, Kourtchev I, Allanic A, O'Connor I P, Bell J M, Healy D A, Sodeau J R, Wenger J C. Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Cork Harbour, Ireland using a combination of single particle mass spectrometry and quantitative semi-continuous measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010, 10(19): 9593–9613
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Zauscher M D, Wang Y, Moore M J K, Gaston C J, Prather K A. Air quality impact and physicochemical aging of biomass burning aerosols during the 2007 San Diego wildfires. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(14): 7633–7643
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[14] |
Pratt K A, Murphy S M, Subramanian R, DeMott P J, Kok G L, Campos T, Rogers D C, Prenni A J, Heymsfield A J, Seinfeld J H, Prather K A. Flight-based chemical characterization of biomass burning aerosols within two prescribed burn smoke plumes. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 11(24): 12549–12565
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Prather K A, Nordmeyer T, Salt K. Real-time characterization of individual aerosol-particles using time-of-flight mass-spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry, 1994, 66(9): 1403–1407
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[16] |
Yang F, Chen H, Wang X N, Yang X, Du J F, Chen J M. Single particle mass spectrometry of oxalic acid in ambient aerosols in Shanghai: mixing state and formation mechanism. Atmospheric Environment, 2009, 43(25): 3876–3882
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[17] |
Wang X, Williams B J, Wang X, Tang Y, Huang Y, Kong L, Yang X, Biswas P. Characterization of organic aerosol produced during pulverized coal combustion in a drop tube furnace. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13(21): 10919–10932
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Bi X H, Zhang G H, Li L, Wang X M, Li M, Sheng G Y, Fu J M, Zhou Z. Mixing state of biomass burning particles by single particle aerosol mass spectrometer in the urban area of PRD, China. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45(20): 3447–3453
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[19] |
Silva P J, Liu D Y, Noble C A, Prather K A. Size and chemical characterization of individual particles resulting from biomass burning of local Southern California species. Environmental Science & Technology, 1999, 33(18): 3068–3076
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Pagels J, Dutcher D D, Stolzenburg M R, McMurry P H, Gälli M E, Gross D S. Fine-particle emissions from solid biofuel combustion studied with single-particle mass spectrometry: Identification of markers for organics, soot, and ash components. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres, 2013, 118(2): 859–870
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[21] |
Song X H, Hopke P K, Fergenson D P, Prather K A. Classification of single particles analyzed by ATOFMS using an artificial neural network, ART-2A. Analytical Chemistry, 1999, 71(4): 860–865
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[22] |
Gao S, Hegg D A, Hobbs P V, Kirchstetter T W, Magi B I, Sadilek M. Water-soluble organic components in aerosols associated with savanna fires in southern Africa: identification, evolution, and distribution. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres, 2003, 108(D13): 8491
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[23] |
McMeeking G R, Kreidenweis S M, Baker S, Carrico C M, Chow J C, Collett J L, Hao W M, Holden A S, Kirchstetter T W, Malm W C, Moosmuller H, Sullivan A P, Wold C E. Emissions of trace gases and aerosols during the open combustion of biomass in the laboratory. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres, 2009, 114: D19210
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[24] |
Hudson P K, Murphy D M, Cziczo D J, Thomson D S, de Gouw J A, Warneke C, Holloway J, Jost J R, Hubler G. Biomass-burning particle measurements: characteristic composition and chemical processing. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres, 2004, 109(D23): D23S27
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[25] |
Pósfai M, Simonics R, Li J, Hobbs P V, Buseck P R. Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 1. Compositions and size distributions of carbonaceous particles. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres, 2003, 108(D13): 8483
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[26] |
Kulmala M, Dal Maso M, Mäkelä J M, Pirjola L, Väkevä M, Aalto P, Miikkulainen P, Hämeri K, O'Dowd C D. On the formation, growth and composition of nucleation mode particles. Tellus. Series B, Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 2001, 53(4): 479–490
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[27] |
Hennigan C J, Sullivan A P, Collett J L Jr, Robinson A L. Levoglucosan stability in biomass burning particles exposed to hydroxyl radicals. Geophysical Research Letters, 2010, 37(9): L09806
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[28] |
Kessler S H, Smith J D, Che D L, Worsnop D R, Wilson K R, Kroll J H. Chemical sinks of organic aerosol: kinetics and products of the heterogeneous oxidation of erythritol and levoglucosan. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(18): 7005–7010
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[29] |
Li J, Pósfai M, Hobbs P V, Buseck P R. Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 2, Compositions and aging of inorganic particles. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres, 2003, 108(D13): 8484
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Reid J S, Hobbs P V. Physical and optical properties of young smoke from individual biomass fires in Brazil. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres, 1998, 103(D24): 32013–32030
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[31] |
Kreidenweis S M, Remer L A, Bruintjes R, Dubovik O. Smoke aerosol from biomass burning in Mexico: hygroscopic smoke optical model. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres, 2001, 106(D5): 4831–4844
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[32] |
Yokelson R J, Crounse J D, DeCarlo P F, Karl T, Urbanski S, Atlas E, Campos T, Shinozuka Y, Kapustin V, Clarke A D, Weinheimer A, Knapp D J, Montzka D D, Holloway J, Weibring P, Flocke F, Zheng W, Toohey D, Wennberg P O, Wiedinmyer C, Mauldin L, Fried A, Richter D, Walega J, Jimenez J L, Adachi K, Buseck P R, Hall S R, Shetter R. Emissions from biomass burning in the Yucatan. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2009, 9(15): 5785–5812
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[33] |
Pekney N J, Davidson C I, Bein K J, Wexler A S, Johnston M V. Identification of sources of atmospheric PM at the Pittsburgh Supersite, Part I: Single particle analysis and filter-based positive matrix factorization. Atmospheric Environment, 2006, 40(Suppl. 2): 411–423
|
[34] |
Bein K J, Zhao Y, Johnston M V, Wexler A S. Identification of sources of atmospheric PM at the Pittsburgh Supersite—Part III: Source characterization. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41(19): 3974–3992
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[35] |
Du H, Kong L, Cheng T, Chen J, Du J, Li L, Xia X, Leng C, Huang G. Insights into summertime haze pollution events over Shanghai based on online water-soluble ionic composition of aerosols. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45(29): 5131–5137
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
/
〈 | 〉 |