Experimental determination of Cd²⁺ adsorption mechanism on low-cost biological waste

Abstract

Carbonate shells have an astonishing ability in the removal of Cd²⁺ in a short time period with emphasis on being a low cost adsorbent. In the present study, the sorption capacity of carbonate shells was studied for Cd²⁺ in batch experiments. The influence of different carbonate shell sizes and physico-chemical factors were evaluated and the results were analyzed for its correlation matrices by using Predictive Analytics Software (PASW). The mineralogy state of aqueous solution regarding the saturation index was simulated using PHREEQC to identify the Cd²⁺ uptake mechanism. The Cd uptake rates were calculated as well as Ca²⁺, \mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-} concentration, pH, ambient humidity and temperature were measured. Cd²⁺ removal of 91.52% was achieved after 5 h adsorption. The adsorption efficiencies were significantly influenced by pH as they increased with the increase of pH from acidic solution (5.50±0.02) to slightly alkaline (7.60±0.05). In addition, the mineralogy state of aqueous solution calculated from PHREEQC confirmed that the increment of Ca²⁺ and \mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-} concentrations in solution was attributed to the dissolution of carbonate shells. Moreover, the ion exchange adsorption mechanism of Cd²⁺ toward Ca²⁺ was identified as the process involved in Cd²⁺ uptake.

Keywords

carbonate shell / cadmium / heavy metal / adsorption mechanism / saturation state

References

[1] Hassanien M A, El-Shahawy A M. Environmental Heavy Metal Pollution and Effects on Child Mental Development-Risk Assessment and Prevention Strategies. 1st ed. The Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer, 2010

[2] Rao K S, Mohapatra M, Anand S, Venkateswarlu P. Review on cadmium removal from aqueous solutions. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 2010. 2(7): 81-103

[3] Lee J S, Chon H T, Kim K W. Human risk assessment of As, Cd, Cu and Zn in the abandoned metal mine site. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2005, 27(2): 185-191

[4] Stoeppler M. Cadmium. In: Merian E, ed. Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment, Occurrence, Analysis, and Biological Relevance. New York: VCH publishers, Cambridge, 1991

[5] Izadiyar M H, Yargholi B. Study of cadmium and accumulation in different parts of four forages. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 2010, 9(3): 231-238

[6] Yadanaparthi S K R, Graybill D, Wandruszka R V. Adsorbents for the removal of arsenic, cadmium, and lead from contaminated waters. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 171(1-3): 1-15

[7] Sulaymon A H, Abood D W, Ali A H. Removal of phenol and lead from synthetic wastewater by adsorption onto granular activated carbon in fixed bed adsorbers: predication of breakthrough curves. Hydrology: Current Research, 2011, 2(4): 1-5

[8] Milosavljević N B, Ristić M Đ, Perić-Grujić A A, Filipović J M, Strbac S B, Rakočević Z Lj, Kalagasidis Krušić M T. Sorption of zinc by novel pH-sensitive hydrogels based on chitosan, itaconic acid and methacrylic acid. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 192(2): 846-854

[9] Kanawade S M, Gaikwad R W. Removal of zinc ions from industrial effluent by using cork powder as adsorbent. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 2011, 2(3): 199-201IJCEA2011A600

[10] Reddad Z, Gerente C, Andres Y, Cloirec P L. Adsorption of several metal ions onto a low-cost biosorbent: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Environmental Science & Technology, 2002, 36(9): 2067-2073

[11] Liu Y, Sun C, Xu J, Li Y. The use of raw and acid-pretreated bivalve mollusk shells to remove metals from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 168(1): 156-162

[12] Wang J, Chen C. Biosorption of heavy metals by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a review. Biotechnology Advances, 2006, 24(5): 427-451

[13] Veglio F, Beolchini F. Removal of metals by biosorption: a review. Hydrometallurgy, 1997, 44(3): 301-316

[14] Sahmoune M N, Louhab K, Boukhiar A. Advanced biosorbents materials for removal of chromium from water and wastewaters. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 2011, 30(3): 284-293

[15] Kumar J, Balomajumder C, Mondal P. Application of agro-based biomasses for zinc removal from wastewater - a review. Clean Soil Air Water, 2011, 39(7): 641-652

[16] Kabbashi N A, Daoud J I, Isam Y Q, Mirghami M E S, Rosli N F. Statistical analaysis for removal of cadmium from aqueous solution at high pH. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2011, 5(6): 440-446 ISSN 1991-8178

[17] Babel S, Kurniawan T A. Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: a review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2003, 97(1-3): 219-243

[18] Demirbas A. Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials: a review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 157(2-3): 220-229

[19] Cubillas P, Köhler S, Prieto M, Chaïrat C, Oelkers E H. Experimental determination of the dissolution rates of calcite, aragonite, and bivalves. Chemical Geology, 2005, 216(1-2): 59-77

[20] Du Y, Lian F, Zhu L. Biosorption of divalent Pb, Cd and Zn on aragonite and calcite mollusk shells. Environmental Pollution, 2011, 159(7): 1763-1768

[21] Suteu D, Bilba D, Aflori M, Doroftei F, Lisa G, Badeanu M, Malutan T. The seashell wastes as biosorbent for reactive dye removal from textile effluents. Clean Soil Air Water, 2012, 40(2): 198-205

[22] Sanchez A G, Ayuso E A, Blas O J D. Sorption of heavy metals from industrial waste water by low-cost mineral silicates. Clay Minerals, 1999, 34(3): 469-477

[23] Prieto M, Cubillas P, Fernández-Gonzalez Á. Uptake of dissolved Cd by biogenic and abiogenic aragonite: a comparison with sorption onto calcite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2003, 67(20): 3859-3869

[24] Stylianou M A, Inglezakis V J, Moustakas K G, Malamis S P, Loizidou M D. Removal of Cu(II) in fixed bed and batch reactors using natural zeolite and exfoliated vermiculite as adsorbents. Desalination, 2007, 215(1-3): 133-142

[25] Evans J R, Davids W G, MacRae J D, Amirbahman A. Kinetics of cadmium uptake by chitosan-based crab shells. Water Research, 2002, 36(13): 3219-3226

[26] APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st ed. Washington: American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, 2005

[27] Appelo C A J, Postma D. Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution. 2nd ed. Rotterdam: Balkema, 2005

[28] Parkhurst D L, Appelo C A J. User’s Guide to PHREEQC Version 2-A Computer Program for Speciation, Batch-Reaction, One-Dimensional Transport, and Inverse Geochemical Calculations. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resource Investigation Report, 2005, 99-4259

[29] Meena A K, Mishra G K, Rai P K, Rajagopal C, Nagar P N. Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions using carbon aerogel as an adsorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2005, 122(1-2): 161-170

[30] Köhler S J, Cubillas P, Rodríguez-Blanco J D, Bauer C, Prieto M. Removal of cadmium from wastewaters by aragonite shells and the influence of other divalent cations. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007, 41(1): 112-118

[31] Pino G H, Mesquita L M S D, Torem M L, Pinto G A S. Biosorption of cadmium by green coconut shell powder. Minerals Engineering, 2006, 19(5): 380-387

[32] Mehrasbi M R, Farahmandkia Z, Taghibeigloo B, Taromi A. Adsorption of lead and cadmium from aqueous solution by using almond shells. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2009, 199(1-4): 343-351

[33] Isa M N, Aris A Z. Preliminary assessment on the hydrogeochemistry of kapas island, terengganu. Sains Malaysiana, 2012, 41(1): 23-32 ISSN 0126-6039

[34] Chidambaram S, Karmegam U, Sasidhar P, Prasanna M V, Manivannan R, Arunachalam S, Manikandan S, Anandhan P. Significance of saturation index of certain clay minerals in shallow coastal groundwater, in and around Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Earth System Science, 2011, 120(5): 897-909

[35] Kaur P, Sud D. Adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and desorption of monocrotophos and dichlorvos on various Indian soils. Clean Soil Air Water, 2011, 39(12): 1060-1067

[36] Juang R S, Shao H J. Effect of pH on competitive adsorption of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) from water onto chitosan. Adsorption, 2002, 8(1): 71-78

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg