Assessment of toxicity of two nitroaromatic compounds in the freshwater fish
Hongyan SHEN, Jixi GAO, Jinsheng WANG
Assessment of toxicity of two nitroaromatic compounds in the freshwater fish
This study was conducted to evaluate the toxicological response of p-nitrotoluene and p-nitroaniline to the key fish species, Cyprinus carpio. A freshwater fish bioassay based on the 96 h LC50 was used to estimate the single and joint toxicity of the two chemicals. The toxicity of p-nitrotoluene was greater than that of p-nitroaniline based on 96 h LC50 values of 40.74 mg·L-1 and 48.99 mg·L-1, respectively. Both compounds had moderate toxicity toward Cyprinus carpio, and this toxicity increased with the exposure duration and concentration. Binary mixtures of the compounds were more toxic than the individual compounds at 96 h, and they acted upon partial addition. When the exposure time was longer, the toxicity increased for mixtures of compounds with the same concentration or toxicity. The results of this study suggest that exposure to a combination of these chemicals would result in a higher environmental risk in aquatic systems than exposure to either compound alone. Further research is needed to investigate the combined effects and sublethal toxicity of p-nitrotoluene and p-nitroaniline, since they are both still used in China.
joint toxicity / Cyprinus carpio / LC50 / p-nitrotoluene / p-nitroaniline / toxic unit
[1] |
Ebrahimzadeh H, Yamin Y, Kamarei F. Optimization of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography for the analysis of nitroaromatic compounds in water. Talanta, 2009, 79(5): 1472-1477
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[2] |
Preiss A, Bauer A, Berstermann H M, Gerling S, Haas R, Joos A, Lehmann A, Schmalz L, Steinbach K. Advanced high-performance liquid chromatography method for highly polar nitroaromatic compounds in ground water samples from ammunition waste sites. Journal of Chromatography A, 2009, 1216(25): 4968-4975
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[3] |
J¨onsson S, Gustavsson L, Van Bavel B. Analysis of nitroaromatic compounds in complex samples using solid-phase microextraction and isotope dilution quantification gas chromatography–electron-capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 2007, 1164(1-2): 65-73
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[4] |
Yen J H, Lin K H, Wang Y S. Acute lethal toxicity of environmental pollutants to aquatic organisms. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2002, 52(2): 113-116
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[5] |
Nipper M, Scott Carr R, Biedenbach J M, Hooten R L, Miller K. Fate and effects of picric acid and 2,6-DNT in marine environments: Toxicity of degradation products. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2005, 50(11): 1205-1217
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Sims J G, Steevens J A. The role of metabolism in the toxicity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and its degradation products to the aquatic amphipod Hyalella azteca. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2008, 70(1): 38-46
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[7] |
Yan X F, Xiao H M, Gong X D, Ju X H. Quantitative structure–activity relationships of nitroaromatics toxicity to the algae (Scenedesmus obliguus). Chemosphere, 2005, 59(4): 467-471
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Casalegno M, Sello G. Quantitative aquatic toxicity prediction: using group contribution and classification methods on polar and non-polar narcotics. Journal of Molecular Structure, 2005, 727(1-3): 71-80
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[9] |
Xia B B, Liu K P, Gong Z G, Zheng B, Zhang X Y, Fan B T. Rapid toxicity prediction of organic chemicals to Chlorella vulgaris using quantitative structure–activity relationships methods. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2008, 72(3): 787-794
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[10] |
Bellifa K, Mekelleche S M. QSAR study of the toxicity of nitrobenzenes to Tetrahymena pyriformis using quantum chemical descriptors. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2012, in press, available online
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[11] |
Roy K, Ghosh G. QSTR with extended topochemical atom (ETA) indices. 12. QSAR for the toxicity of diverse aromatic compounds to Tetrahymena pyriformis using chemometric tools. Chemosphere, 2009, 77(7): 999-1009
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[12] |
Neuwoehner J, Junghans M, Koller M, Escher B I. QSAR analysis and specific endpoints for classifying the physiological modes of action of biocides in synchronous green algae. Aquatic Toxicology, 2008, 90(1): 8-18
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Lang P Z, Ma X F, Lu G H, Wang Y, Bian Y. QSAR for the acute toxicity of nitroaromatics to the carp (Cyprinus carpio). Chemosphere, 1996, 32(8): 1547-1552
|
[14] |
Xu M , Zhang A Q, Han S K, Wang L S. Studies of 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationships on a set of nitroaromatic compounds: CoMFA, advanced CoMFA and CoMSIA. Chemosphere, 2002, 48(7): 707-715
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Hall L H, Maynard E L, Kier L B. QSAR investigation of benzene toxicity to fathead minnow using molecular connectivity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1989, 8(9): 783-788
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[16] |
Guerra R. Ecotoxicological and chemical evaluation of phenolic compounds in industrial effluents. Chemosphere, 2001, 44(8): 1737-1747
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[17] |
Thomulka K W, Lange J H. Mixture toxicity of nitrobenzene and trinitrobenzene using the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi as the test organism. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 1997, 36(2): 189-195
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Shen H Y, Yang J L, Li M, Wang F, Wang Z C. Evaluation of the joint aquatic toxicity of PNCB, MDNB and CDNB acting on brocarded carp (Cyprinus carpio). In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering 2008, Shanghai. Piscataway: IEEE Computer Society, 2008, 4578-4582
|
[19] |
Hodges G, Roberts D W, Marshall S J, Dearden J C. Defining the toxic mode of action of ester sulphonates using the joint toxicity of mixtures. Chemosphere, 2006, 64(1): 17-25
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Guildelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Guideline 203: Fish, Acute Toxicity Test. Paris: The Charlesworth Group, 1992, 1-9
|
[21] |
State Environmental Protection Administration of China. The Technical Specification for Environmental Monitoring (Vol. 4), Biological Monitoring (Part of Water Environment). Beijing: Chinese Environmental Science Press, 1986, 95 (in Chinese)
|
[22] |
Hertzberg R C, MacDonell M M. Synergy and other ineffective mixture risk definitions. The Science of the Total Environment, 2002, 288(1-2): 31-42
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[23] |
Yang Y B, Liu Z T, Zheng M H, Yang X, Fang Z, Wang W H. Study on the effects of joint acute toxicities of Halophenols in Zebrafish. Research of Environmental Science, 2007, 20(2): 5-8 (in Chinese)
|
[24] |
Carlsson C, Johansson A K, Alvan G, Bergman K, Kühler T. Are pharmaceuticals potent environmental pollutants? The Science of the Total Environment, 2006, 364(1-3): 67-87
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[25] |
Zhang D L, Du Q C, Peng L , Yan Q Y, Liu Y D, Hu C X. On ecotoxicology of nitryl aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in water ecosystem. Journal of Northwest Normal University (Natural Science), 2007, 43(5): 98-101(in Chinese)
|
[26] |
Lange J H, Thomulka K W. Use of the vibrio harveyi toxicity test for evaluating mixture interactions of nitrobenzene and dinitrobenzene. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 1997, 38(1): 2-12
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[27] |
Dong Y Y, Feng X, Lei B L. Applying the equiconcentration ratio mixing method to study joint toxicity effects of phenol, nitrobenzene and m-nitroaniline on Photobacte rium phosphoreum. Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2005, 6(12): 65-68 (in Chinese)
|
/
〈 | 〉 |