Single and joint effects of HHCB and cadmium on zebrafish (Danio rerio) in feculent water containing bedloads

Abstract

As an important type of emerging pollutants, ecological toxicity and risk of artificial musks are increasingly concerned. Thus, single and joint toxic effects of 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8- hexamethylcyclopenta-gamma-2-benzopyran (HHCB) as one of the most widely applied artificial musks and cadmium (Cd) as an toxic metal on zebrafish (Danio rerio) were investigated by the exposure of zebrafish to various concentrations of HHCB or/and Cd in feculent water containing bedloads. The results indicated that the joint effect of HHCB and Cd changed during different exposure times within 120 h. The index of the antioxidant enzyme system including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were sensitive and induced in the zebrafish stressed by Cd, and content of soluble protein (SP) was sensitive to HHCB and could be used as a biomarker for HHCB. Joint effects on antioxidant enzymes depended more on the effect of single Cd in the first one or two days. However, in the rest exposure days, the effect of HHCB began to dominate in the joint effect during the exposure process.

Keywords

1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-gamma-2-benzopyran (HHCB) / cadmium (Cd) / antioxidant biomarker / feculent water containing bedloads

References

[1] Gnecco I, Berretta C, Lanza L G, La Barbera P. Storm water pollution in the urban environment of Genoa, Italy. Atmospheric Research, 2005, 77(1-4): 60-73

[2] Api A M, Ford R A. Evaluation of the oral subchronic toxicity of HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-γ-2-benzopyran) in the rat. Toxicology Letters, 1999, 111(1-2): 143-149

[3] Peck A M, Hornbuckle K C. Synthetic musk fragrances in urban and rural air of Iowa and the Great Lakes. Atmospheric Environment, 2006, 40(32): 6101-6111

[4] Roosens L, Covaci A, Neels H. Concentrations of synthetic musk compounds in personal care and sanitation products and human exposure profiles through dermal application. Chemosphere, 2007, 69(10): 1540-1547

[5] Duedahl-Olesen L, Cederberg T, Pedersen K H, Højgård A. Synthetic musk fragrances in trout from Danish fish farms and human milk. Chemosphere, 2005, 61(3): 422-431

[6] Kannan K, Reiner J L, Yun S H, Perrotta E E, Tao L, Johnson-Restrepo B, Rodan B D. Polycyclic musk compounds in higher trophic level aquatic organisms and humans from the United States. Chemosphere, 2005, 61(5): 693-700

[7] Balk F, Ford R A. Environmental risk assessment for the polycyclic musks, AHTN and HHCB. II. Effect assessment and risk characterisation. Toxicology Letters, 1999, 111(1-2): 81-94

[8] Carlsson G, Orn S, Andersson P L, Soederstroem H, Norrgren L.The impact of musk ketone on reproduction in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Marine Environmental Research, 2000, 50(1-5): 237-241

[9] Yang J J, Metcalfe C D. Fate of synthetic musks in a domestic wastewater treatment plant and in an agricultural field amended with biosolids. Science of the Total Environment, 2006, 363(1-3): 149-165

[10] Sun Y, Zhou Q, Wang L, Liu W. Cadmium tolerance and accumulation characteristics of Bidens pilosa L. as a potential Cd-hyperaccumulator. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 161(2-3): 808-814

[11] Zhou Q X, Huang G H. Environmental Biogeochemistry and Global Environmental Changes. Beijing: Science Press, 2001

[12] Gilbert J K, Clausen J C. Stormwater runoff quality and quantity from asphalt, paver, and crushed stone driveways in Connecticut. Water Research, 2006, 40(4): 826-832

[13] Rosenkrantz R T, Pollino C A, Nugegoda D, Baun A. Toxicity of water and sediment from stormwater retarding basins to Hydra hexactinella. Environmental Pollution, 2008, 156(3): 922-927

[14] Christensen A M, Nakajima F, Baun A. Toxicity of water and sediment in a small urban river (Store Vejleå, Denmark). Environmental Pollution, 2006, 144(2): 621-625

[15] Snodgrass J W, Casey R E, Joseph D, Simon J A. Microcosm investigations of stormwater pond sediment toxicity to embryonic and larval amphibians: Variation in sensitivity among species. Environmental Pollution, 2008, 154(2): 291-297

[16] Basha P S, Rani A U. Cadmium-induced antioxidant defense mechanism in freshwater teleost Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2003, 56(2): 218-221

[17] Sun F H, Zhou Q X. Oxidative stress biomarkers of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor exposed to cadmium and petroleum hydrocarbons. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2008, 70(1): 106-114

[18] Chater S, Douki T, Garrel C, Favier A, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Cadmium-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in kidney of pregnant female rats. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 2008, 331(6): 426-432

[19] Wang M E, Zhou Q X. Joint stress of chlorimuron-ethyl and cadmium on wheat Triticum aestivum at biochemical levels. Environmental Pollution, 2006, 144(2): 572-580

[20] Khatuna S, Ali M B, Hahna E J, Paeka K Y. Copper toxicity in Withania somnifera: Growth and antioxidant enzymes responses of in vitro grown plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2008, 64(3): 279-285

[21] Carney Almroth B, Sturve J, Förlin L. Oxidative damage in rainbow trout caged in a polluted river. Marine Environmental Research, 2008, 66(1): 90-91

[22] Balk F, Ford R A. Environmental risk assessment for the polycyclic musks AHTN and HHCB in the EU. I. Fate and exposure assessment. Toxicology Letters, 1999, 111(1-2): 57-79

[23] Gooding M P, Newton T J, Bartsch M R, Hornbuckle K C. Toxicity of synthetic musks to early life stages of the freshwater mussel Lampsilis cardium. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2006, 51(4): 549-558

[24] Breitholtz M, Wollenberger L, Dinan L. Effects of four synthetic musks on the life cycle of the harpacticoid copepod Nitocra spinipes. Aquatic Toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 2003, 63(2): 103-118

[25] An J, Zhou Q X, Sun Y, Xu Z. Ecotoxicological effects of typical personal care products on seed germination and seedling development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Chemosphere, 2009, 76(10): 1428-1434

[26] Wu Y X. von T A. Impact of fungicides on active oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exposed to ozone. Environmental Pollution, 2002, 116(1): 37-47

[27] Hegedüs A, Erdei S, Horváth G. Comparative studies of H₂O₂ detoxifying enzymes in green and greening barley seedlings under cadmium stress. Plant Science, 2001, 160(6): 1085-1093

[28] Bradford M M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 1976, 72(1-2): 248-254

[29] Finney D J. Statistical Method in Biological Assay. 3rd ed. London: Charles Griffin & Co. Ltd, 1978

[30] Sprague J B. Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish. II. Utilizing and applying bioassay results. Water Research, 1970, 4(1): 3-32

[31] Boillot C, Perrodin Y. Joint-action ecotoxicity of binary mixtures of glutaraldehyde and surfactants used in hospitals: use of the Toxicity Index model and isoblogram representation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2008, 71(1): 252-259

[32] Smital T, Luckenbach T, Sauerborn R, Hamdoun A M, Vega R L, Epel D. Emerging contaminants—pesticides, PPCPs, microbial degradation products and natural substances as inhibitors of multixenobiotic defense in aquatic organisms. Mutation Research, 2004, 552(1-2): 101-117

[33] Celik I, Suzek H. Effects of subacute treatment of ethylene glycol on serum marker enzymes and erythrocyte and tissue antioxidant defense systems and lipid peroxidation in rats. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 2007, 167(2): 145-152

[34] Ruiz-Lozano R, Azcon R, Palma J M. Superoxide dismutase activity in arbuscular mycorrhizal Lactuca sativa plants subjected to drought stress. New Phytologist, 1996, 134(2): 327-333

[35] Vitória A P, Lea P J, Azevedo R A. Antioxidant enzymes responses to cadmium in radish tissues. Phytochemistry, 2001, 57(5): 701-710

[36] Foyer C, Lelandais M, Kunert K. Photooxidative stress in plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 1994, 92(4): 696-717

[37] Kupper T, Berset J D, Etter-Holzer R, Furrer R, Tarradellas J. Concentrations and specific loads of polycyclic musks in sewage sludge originating from a monitoring network in Switzerland. Chemosphere, 2004, 54(8): 1111-1120

[38] Kallenborn R, Gatermann R, Nygard T, Knutzen J, Schlabach M. Synthetic musks in Norwegian marinefish samples collected in the vicinity of densely populated areas. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2001, 10(11): 832-842

[39] Bhavan P, Geraldine P. Biochemical stress responses in tissues of the prawn Macrobarchium malcomsonii on exposure to endosulfan. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 2001, 70(1): 27-41

[40] Mosleh Y Y, Paris-Palacios S, Arnoult F, Couderchet M, Biagianti-Risbourg S, Vernet G. Metallothionein induction in aquatic oligochaete tubifex tubifex exposed to herbicide isoproturon. Environmental Toxicology, 2004, 19(1): 88-93

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40930739 and 21037002). The Sino-Russian Joint Research Center on Natural Resources and Eco-Environmental Sciences also gave partial aids in this work.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2014 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg