High-yield production of porous carbon spheres derived from enzymatic hydrolysis lignin for zinc ion hybrid capacitors
Received date: 17 Oct 2023
Accepted date: 21 Nov 2023
Copyright
The widespread implementation of supercapacitors is hindered by the limited energy density and the pricey porous carbon electrode materials. The cost of porous carbon is a significant factor in the overall cost of supercapacitors, therefore a high carbon yield could effectively mitigate the production cost of porous carbon. This study proposes a method to produce porous carbon spheres through a spray drying technique combined with a carbonization process, utilizing renewable enzymatic hydrolysis lignin as the carbon source and KOH as the activation agent. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the quantity of activation agent and the development of morphology, pore structure, and specific surface area of the obtained porous carbon materials. We demonstrate that this approach significantly enhances the carbon yield of porous carbon, achieving a yield of 22% in contrast to the conventional carbonization-activation method (9%). The samples acquired through this method were found to contain a substantial amount of mesopores, with an average pore size of 1.59 to 1.85 nm and a mesopore ratio of 25.6%. Additionally, these samples showed high specific surface areas, ranging from 1051 to 1831 m2·g−1. Zinc ion hybrid capacitors with lignin-derived porous carbon cathode exhibited a high capacitance of 279 F·g−1 at 0.1 A·g−1 and an energy density of 99.1 Wh·kg−1 when the power density was 80 kW·kg−1. This research presents a novel approach for producing porous carbons with high yield through the utilization of a spray drying approach.
Tao Huang , Xihong Zu , Jianhui Ma , Wenbin Jian , Xueqing Qiu , Wenli Zhang . High-yield production of porous carbon spheres derived from enzymatic hydrolysis lignin for zinc ion hybrid capacitors[J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2024 , 18(2) : 22 . DOI: 10.1007/s11705-024-2387-3
1 |
Yang Y , Bremner S , Menictas C , Kay M . Battery energy storage system size determination in renewable energy systems: a review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 91: 109–125
|
2 |
Zhao H , Wu Q , Hu S , Xu H , Rasmussen C N . Review of energy storage system for wind power integration support. Applied Energy, 2015, 137: 545–553
|
3 |
Liu S , Yin Y , Ni D , Hui K S , Ma M , Park S , Hui K N , Ouyang C Y , Jun S C . New insight into the effect of fluorine doping and oxygen vacancies on electrochemical performance of Co2MnO4 for flexible quasi-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors. Energy Storage Materials, 2019, 22: 384–396
|
4 |
Liu S , Kang L , Jun S C . Challenges and strategies toward cathode materials for rechargeable potassium-ion batteries. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(47): 2004689
|
5 |
Yoo H D , Han S D , Bayliss R D , Gewirth A A , Genorio B , Rajput N N , Persson K A , Burrell A K , Cabana J . “Rocking-chair”-type metal hybrid supercapacitors. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8(45): 30853–30862
|
6 |
Iqbal M Z , Aziz U . Supercapattery: merging of battery-supercapacitor electrodes for hybrid energy storage devices. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 46: 103823
|
7 |
Xu R H , Ma P P , Liu G F , Qiao Y , Hu R Y , Liu L Y , Demir M , Jiang G H . Dual-phase coexistence design and advanced electrochemical performance of Cu2MoS4 electrode materials for supercapacitor application. Energy & Fuels, 2023, 37(8): 6158–6167
|
8 |
Jiao Z , Chen Y , Du M , Demir M , Yan F , Zhang Y , Wang C , Gu M , Zhang X , Zou J . In-situ formation of morphology-controlled cobalt vanadate on coo urchin-like microspheres as asymmetric supercapacitor electrode. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2023, 958: 170489
|
9 |
Hu R Y , Liu L Y , He J H , Zhou Y , Wu S B , Zheng M X , Demir M , Ma P P . Preparation and electrochemical properties of bimetallic carbide Fe3Mo3C/Mo2C@carbon nanotubes as negative electrode material for supercapacitor. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 72: 108656
|
10 |
Aydın H , Kurtan Ü , Üstün B , Koç S N , Akgül E , Demir M . A review on the recent advancement of metal-boride derived nanostructures for supercapacitors. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 72: 108306
|
11 |
Tang H , Yao J , Zhu Y . Recent developments and future prospects for zinc-ion hybrid capacitors: a review. Advanced Energy Materials, 2021, 11(14): 2003994
|
12 |
Wang Y , Sun S , Wu X , Liang H , Zhang W . Status and opportunities of zinc ion hybrid capacitors: focus on carbon materials, current collectors, and separators. Nano-Micro Letters, 2023, 15(1): 78
|
13 |
Liu Y , Wu L . Recent advances of cathode materials for zinc-ion hybrid capacitors. Nano Energy, 2023, 109: 108290
|
14 |
Sui D , Wu M , Shi K , Li C , Lang J , Yang Y , Zhang X , Yan X , Chen Y . Recent progress of cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion capacitors: carbon-based materials and beyond. Carbon, 2021, 185: 126–151
|
15 |
Javed M S , Najam T , Hussain I , Idrees M , Ahmad A , Imran M , Shah S S A , Luque R , Han W . Fundamentals and scientific challenges in structural design of cathode materials for zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors. Advanced Energy Materials, 2023, 13(3): 2202303
|
16 |
Yin J , Zhang W , Alhebshi N A , Salah N , Alshareef H N . Electrochemical zinc ion capacitors: fundamentals, materials, and systems. Advanced Energy Materials, 2021, 11(21): 2100201
|
17 |
Wang L , Peng M , Chen J , Tang X , Li L , Hu T , Yuan K , Chen Y . High energy and power zinc ion capacitors: a dual-ion adsorption and reversible chemical adsorption coupling mechanism. ACS Nano, 2022, 16(2): 2877–2888
|
18 |
Jian W , Zhang W , Wei X , Wu B , Liang W , Wu Y , Yin J , Lu K , Chen Y , Alshareef H N .
|
19 |
Zhang W , Yin J , Jian W , Wu Y , Chen L , Sun M , Schwingenschlögl U , Qiu X , Alshareef H N . Supermolecule-mediated defect engineering of porous carbons for zinc-ion hybrid capacitors. Nano Energy, 2022, 103: 107827
|
20 |
Lee D W , Jin M H , Park J H , Lee Y J , Choi Y C . Flexible synthetic strategies for lignin-derived hierarchically porous carbon materials. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2018, 6(8): 10454–10462
|
21 |
Gan M J , Niu Y Q , Qu X J , Zhou C H . Lignin to value-added chemicals and advanced materials: extraction, degradation, and functionalization. Green Chemistry, 2022, 24(20): 7705–7750
|
22 |
Kai D , Tan M J , Chee P L , Chua Y K , Yap Y L , Loh X J . Towards lignin-based functional materials in a sustainable world. Green Chemistry, 2016, 18(5): 1175–1200
|
23 |
Zhu J , Yan C , Zhang X , Yang C , Jiang M , Zhang X . A sustainable platform of lignin: from bioresources to materials and their applications in rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2020, 76: 100788
|
24 |
Zhu J Y , Pan X J . Woody biomass pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production: technology and energy consumption evaluation. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(13): 4992–5002
|
25 |
Chen W , Wang X , Hashisho Z , Feizbakhshan M , Shariaty P , Niknaddaf S , Zhou X . Template-free and fast one-step synthesis from enzymatic hydrolysis lignin to hierarchical porous carbon for CO2 capture. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2019, 280: 57–65
|
26 |
Jung K A , Woo S H , Lim S R , Park J M . Pyrolytic production of phenolic compounds from the lignin residues of bioethanol processes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 259: 107–116
|
27 |
Guo N , Li M , Sun X , Wang F , Yang R . Enzymatic hydrolysis lignin derived hierarchical porous carbon for supercapacitors in ionic liquids with high power and energy densities. Green Chemistry, 2017, 19(11): 2595–2602
|
28 |
Shi F , Tong Y , Li H , Li J , Cong Z , Zhai S , An Q , Wang K . Synthesis of oxygen/nitrogen/sulfur codoped hierarchical porous carbon from enzymatically hydrolyzed lignin for high-performance supercapacitors. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 52: 104992
|
29 |
Zhu J , Qiu X , Sun S , Huang T , Huang Z , Zhao L , Zu X , Zhang W . Combined sustainable production technology of calcium chloride and lignin-derived porous carbon electrode materials. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023, 419: 138201
|
30 |
Liu X , Zuo S , Cui N , Wang S . Investigation of ammonia/steam activation for the scalable production of high-surface area nitrogen-containing activated carbons. Carbon, 2022, 191: 581–592
|
31 |
Xu M , Yu Q , Liu Z , Lv J , Lian S , Hu B , Mai L , Zhou L . Tailoring porous carbon spheres for supercapacitors. Nanoscale, 2018, 10(46): 21604–21616
|
32 |
Tan S , Chen X , Zhai S , Ebrahimi A , Langrish T , Chen Y . Spray drying assisted synthesis of porous carbons from whey powders for capacitive energy storage. Energy, 2018, 147: 308–316
|
33 |
Kwon H N , Park G D , Kang Y C , Roh K C . Fabrication of bimodal micro-mesoporous amorphous carbon-graphitic carbon-reduced graphene oxide composite microspheres prepared by pilot-scale spray drying and their application in supercapacitors. Carbon, 2019, 144: 591–600
|
34 |
Tian H , Wang T , Zhang F , Zhao S , Wan S , He F , Wang G . Tunable porous carbon spheres for high-performance rechargeable batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2018, 6(27): 12816–12841
|
35 |
Cai T , Xing W , Liu Z , Zeng J , Xue Q , Qiao S , Yan Z . Superhigh-rate capacitive performance of heteroatoms-doped double shell hollow carbon spheres. Carbon, 2015, 86: 235–244
|
36 |
Li X F , Xu Q , Fu Y , Guo Q X . Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from kraft lignin via KOH activation. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2014, 33(2): 519–526
|
37 |
Pan Z Z , Dong L , Lv W , Zheng D , Li Z , Luo C , Zheng C , Yang Q H , Kang F . A hollow spherical carbon derived from the spray drying of corncob lignin for high-rate-performance supercapacitors. Chemistry, an Asian Journal, 2017, 12(5): 503–506
|
38 |
Chen Y , Zhang G , Zhang J , Guo H , Feng X , Chen Y . Synthesis of porous carbon spheres derived from lignin through a facile method for high performance supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2018, 34(11): 2189–2196
|
39 |
Wang C , Wang X , Lu H , Li H , Zhao X S . Cellulose-derived hierarchical porous carbon for high-performance flexible supercapacitors. Carbon, 2018, 140: 139–147
|
40 |
Wang L , Li H , Li M , Zhang L , Zhang H , Liu Z Y , Zhu W . Trace nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous biochar nanospheres: waste corn roots derived superior adsorbents for high concentration single and mixed organic dyes removal. Nano Research, 2023, 16(2): 1846–1858
|
41 |
Li G , Gao X , Wang K , Cheng Z . Porous carbon nanospheres with high edlc capacitance. Diamond and Related Materials, 2018, 88: 12–17
|
42 |
Wang L , Peng M , Chen J , Hu T , Yuan K , Chen Y . Eliminating the micropore confinement effect of carbonaceous electrodes for promoting Zn-ion storage capability. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34(39): 2203744
|
43 |
Yang J , Wu H , Zhu M , Ren W , Lin Y , Chen H , Pan F . Optimized mesopores enabling enhanced rate performance in novel ultrahigh surface area meso-/microporous carbon for supercapacitors. Nano Energy, 2017, 33: 453–461
|
44 |
Yoo Y , Park G D , Kang Y C . Carbon microspheres with micro- and mesopores synthesized via spray pyrolysis for high-energy-density, electrical-double-layer capacitors. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 365: 193–200
|
45 |
Li C , Li Y , Shao Y , Zhang L , Zhang S , Wang S , Li B , Cui Z , Tang Y , Hu X . Activation of biomass with volatilized KOH. Green Chemistry, 2023, 25(7): 2825–2839
|
46 |
Fu F , Zhao B , Yang D , Wang H , Yan M , Li Z , Qin Y , Qiu X . Insights into gas-exfoliation and the in-situ template mechanism of zinc compound for lignin-derived supercapacitive porous carbon. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2021, 4(12): 13617–13626
|
47 |
Shao Y , Sun Z , Tian Z , Li S , Wu G , Wang M , Tong X , Shen F , Xia Z , Tung V .
|
48 |
Wu J , Liu R , Li M , Luo X , Lai W , Zhang X , Li D , Yu F , Chen Y . Boosting effects of hydroxyl groups on porous carbon for improved aqueous zinc-ion capacitors. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 48: 103996
|
49 |
Yin J , Zhang W , Wang W , Alhebshi N A , Salah N , Alshareef H N . Electrochemical zinc ion capacitors enhanced by redox reactions of porous carbon cathodes. Advanced Energy Materials, 2020, 10(37): 2001705
|
50 |
Zhao L , Jian W , Zhu J , Zhang X , Wen F , Fei X , Chen L , Huang S , Yin J , Chodankar N R .
|
51 |
Hu M , Ye Z , Zhang Q , Xue Q , Li Z , Wang J , Pan Z . Towards understanding the chemical reactions between KOH and oxygen-containing groups during KOH-catalyzed pyrolysis of biomass. Energy, 2022, 245: 123286
|
52 |
Zhou W , Bai B , Chen G , Ma L , Yan B . Thermogravimetric characteristics and kinetics of sawdust pyrolysis catalyzed by potassium salt during the process of hydrogen preparation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(30): 15863–15870
|
/
〈 | 〉 |