Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering >
Recent advances on metal-free graphene-based catalysts for the production of industrial chemicals
Received date: 23 Jan 2018
Accepted date: 03 Mar 2018
Published date: 03 Jan 2019
Copyright
With the development of carbon catalysts, graphene-based metal-free catalysts have drawn increasing attention in both scientific research and in industrial chemical production processes. In recent years, the catalytic activities of metal-free catalysts have significantly improved and they have become promising alternatives to traditional metal-based catalysts. The use of metal-free catalysts greatly improves the sustainability of chemical processes. In view of this, the recent progress in the preparation of graphene-based metal-free catalysts along with their applications in catalytic oxidation, reduction and coupling reactions are summarized in this review. The future trends and challenges for the design of graphene-based materials for industrial organic catalytic reactions with good stabilities and high catalytic performance are also discussed.
Zhiyong Wang , Yuan Pu , Dan Wang , Jie-Xin Wang , Jian-Feng Chen . Recent advances on metal-free graphene-based catalysts for the production of industrial chemicals[J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2018 , 12(4) : 855 -866 . DOI: 10.1007/s11705-018-1722-y
1 |
Chowdhury A D, Houben K, Whiting G T, Chung S H, Baldus M, Weckhuysen B M. Electrophilic aromatic substitution over zeolites generates Wheland-type reaction intermediates. Nature Catalysis, 2017, 1(1): 23–31
|
2 |
Hasany M, Malakootikhah M, Rahmanian V, Yaghmaei S. Effect of hydrogen combustion reaction on the dehydrogenation of ethane in a fixed-bed catalytic membrane reactor. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2015, 23(8): 1316–1325
|
3 |
Koven A B, Tong S S, Farnood R R, Jia C Q. Alkali-thermal gasification and hydrogen generation potential of biomass. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2017, 11(3): 369–378
|
4 |
Tan C, Cao X, Wu X J, He Q, Yang J, Zhang X, Chen J, Zhao W, Han S, Nam G H, Sindoro M, Zhang H. Recent advances in ultrathin two-dimensional nanomaterials. Chemical Reviews, 2017, 117(9): 6225–6331
|
5 |
Georgakilas V, Perman J A, Tucek J, Zboril R. Broad family of carbon nanoallotropes: Classification, chemistry, and applications of fullerenes, carbon dots, nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, and combined superstructures. Chemical Reviews, 2015, 115(11): 4744–4822
|
6 |
Ye M, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Qu L. Graphene platforms for smart energy generation and storage. Joule, 2018, 2(2): 1–24
|
7 |
Wang D, Zhu L, Chen J F, Dai L. Can graphene quantum dots cause DNA damage in cells? Nanoscale, 2015, 7(21): 9894–9901
|
8 |
Tao H, Gao Y, Talreja N, Guo F, Texter J, Yan C, Sun Z. Two-dimensional nanosheets for electrocatalysis in energy generation and conversion. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2017, 5(16): 7257–7284
|
9 |
Salehi E, Soroush F, Momeni M, Barati A, Khakpour A. Chitosan/polyethylene glycol impregnated activated carbons: Synthesis, characterization and adsorption performance. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2017, 11(4): 575–585
|
10 |
Xiang Z, Wang D, Xue Y, Dai L, Chen J F, Cao D. PAF-derived nitrogen-doped 3D carbon materials for efficient energy conversion and storage. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5(1): 8307–8314
|
11 |
Liu X, Dai L. Carbon-based metal-free catalysts. Nature Reviews Materials, 2016, 1(11): 16064–16075
|
12 |
Su D S, Wen G, Wu S, Peng F, Schlögl R. Carbocatalysis in liquid-phase reactions. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2017, 56(4): 936–964
|
13 |
Wang D, Wang Z, Zhan Q, Pu Y, Wang J X, Foster N R, Dai L. Facile and scalable preparation of fluorescent carbon dots for multifunctional applications. Engineering, 2017, 3(3): 402–408
|
14 |
Lv G, Wang H, Yang Y, Deng T, Chen C, Zhu Y, Hou X. Graphene oxide: A convenient metal-free carbocatalyst for facilitating aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural into 2,5-diformylfuran. ACS Catalysis, 2015, 5(8): 5636–5646
|
15 |
Wang S, Li Y, Fan X, Zhang F, Zhang G. β-Cyclodextrin functionalized graphene oxide: An efficient and recyclable adsorbent for the removal of dye pollutants. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2015, 9(1): 77–83
|
16 |
Liu Z, Wang W, Ju X, Xie R, Chu L. Graphene-based membranes for molecular and ionic separations in aqueous environments. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2017, 25(11): 1598–1605
|
17 |
Kong X K, Chen C L, Chen Q W. Doped graphene for metal-free catalysis. Chemical Society Reviews, 2014, 43(8): 2841–2857
|
18 |
Deng D, Novoselov K S, Fu Q, Zheng N, Tian Z, Bao X. Catalysis with two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures. Nature Nanotechnology, 2016, 11(3): 218–230
|
19 |
Dai L, Xue Y, Qu L, Choi H J, Baek J B. Metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Chemical Reviews, 2015, 115(11): 4823–4892
|
20 |
Shinde S S, Lee C H, Sami A, Kim D H, Lee S U, Lee J H. Scalable 3-D carbon nitride sponge as an efficient metal-free bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst for rechargeable Zn-Air batteries. ACS Nano, 2017, 11(1): 347–357
|
21 |
Huang P Y, Ruiz-Vargas C S, van der Zande A M, Whitney W S, Levendorf M P, Kevek J W, Garg S, Alden J S, Hustedt C J, Zhu Y,
|
22 |
Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V, Firsov A A. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science, 2004, 306(5696): 666–669
|
23 |
Tang P, Hu G, Li M, Ma D. Graphene-based metal-free catalysts for catalytic reactions in the liquid phase. ACS Catalysis, 2016, 6(10): 6948–6958
|
24 |
Ma Y, Chen Y. Three-dimensional graphene networks: Synthesis, properties and applications. National Science Review, 2015, 2(1): 40–53
|
25 |
Senthilkumar K, Prabakar S R, Park C, Jeong S, Lah M S, Pyo M. Graphene oxide self-assembled with a cationic fullerene for high performance pseudo-capacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2016, 4(5): 1663–1670
|
26 |
Kim J, Sang W K, Yun H, Kim B J. Impact of size control of graphene oxide nanosheets for enhancing electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube-polymer composites. RSC Advances, 2017, 7(48): 30221–30228
|
27 |
Ambrosetti A, Silvestrelli P L. Adsorption of rare-gas atoms and water on graphite and graphene by van der waals-corrected density functional theory. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2017, 115(9): 3695–3702
|
28 |
Esfandiyari T, Nasirizadeh N, Dehghani M, Ehrampoosh M H. Graphene oxide based carbon composite as adsorbent for Hg removal: Preparation, characterization, kinetics and isotherm studies. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2017, 25(9): 1170–1175
|
29 |
Kato R, Minami S, Koga Y, Hasegawa M. High growth rate chemical vapor deposition of graphene under low pressure by RF plasma assistance. Carbon, 2016, 96: 1008–1013
|
30 |
Kim S, Song Y, Heller M J. Seamless aqueous arc discharge process for producing graphitic carbon nanostructures. Carbon, 2017, 120: 83–88
|
31 |
Patil I M, Lokanathan M, Kakade B. Three dimensional nanocomposite of reduced graphene oxide and hexagonal boron nitride as an efficient metal-free catalyst for oxygen electroreduction. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2016, 4(12): 4506–4515
|
32 |
Tam T V, Kang S G, Babu K F, Oh E S, Leeb S G, Choi W M. Synthesis of B-doped graphene quantum dots as metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2017, 5(21): 10537–10543
|
33 |
Lerf A, He H, Forster M, Klinowski J. Structure of graphite oxide revisited. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 1998, 102(23): 4477–4482
|
34 |
Haag D R, Kung H H. Metal free graphene based catalysts: A review. Topics in Catalysis, 2014, 57(6-9): 762–773
|
35 |
Tu W, Zhou Y, Zou Z. Versatile graphene-promoting photocatalytic performance of semiconductors: Basic principles, synthesis, solar energy conversion, and environmental applications. Advanced Functional Materials, 2013, 23(40): 4996–5008
|
36 |
Shao P, Tian J, Yang F, Duan X, Gao S, Shi W, Luo X, Cui F, Luo S, Wang S. Identification and regulation of active sites on nanodiamonds: Establishing a highly efficient catalytic system for oxidation of organic contaminants. Advanced Functional Materials, 2018, 28(13): 1705295–1705302
|
37 |
Hummers W S Jr, Offeman R E. Preparation of graphitic oxide. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1958, 80(6): 1339–1339
|
38 |
Chen J, Li Y, Huang L, Li C, Shi G. High-yield preparation of graphene oxide from small graphite flakes via an improved Hummers method with a simple purification process. Carbon, 2015, 81(1): 826–834
|
39 |
Bai J, Sun H, Yin X, Yin X, Wang S, Creamer A E, Xu L, Qin Z, He F, Gao B. Oxygen-content-controllable graphene oxide from electron-beam-irradiated graphite: Synthesis, characterization, and removal of aqueous lead. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8(38): 25289–25296 (Pb(II) )
|
40 |
Gao Y J, Hu G, Zhong J, Shi Z J, Zhu Y S, Su D S, Wang J G, Bao X H, Ma D. Nitrogen-doped sp2-hybridized carbon as a superior catalyst for selective oxidation. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2013, 52(7): 2109–2113
|
41 |
Kumar R, Singh R K, Vaz A R, Savu R, Moshkalev S A. Self-assembled and one-step synthesis of interconnected 3D network of Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide nanosheets hybrid for high performance supercapacitor electrode. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(10): 8880–8890
|
42 |
Hu G, Xu C, Sun Z, Wang S, Cheng H M, Li F, Ren W. 3D graphene-foam-reduced-graphene-oxide hybrid nested hierarchical networks for high-performance Li-S batteries. Advanced Materials, 2016, 28(8): 1603–1609
|
43 |
Mu X, Yuan B, Feng X, Qiu S, Song L, Hu Y. The effect of doped heteroatoms (nitrogen, boron, phosphorus) on inhibition thermal oxidation of reduced graphene oxide. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(107): 105021–105029
|
44 |
Aunkor M H, Mahbubul I M, Saidurb R, Metselaar H C. The green reduction of graphene oxide. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(33): 27807–27828
|
45 |
Sykam N, Rao G M. Room temperature synthesis of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets as anode material for supercapacitors. Materials Letters, 2014, 204: 169–172
|
46 |
Kong X K, Sun Z, Chen M, Chen C, Chen Q W. Metal-free catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol by N-doped graphene. Energy & Environmental Science, 2013, 6(11): 3260–3266
|
47 |
Xu K, Fu Y, Zhou Y, Hennersdorf F, Machata P, Vincon I, Weigand J J, Popov A A, Berger R, Feng X. Cationic nitrogen-doped helical nanographenes. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2017, 56(50): 15876–15881
|
48 |
Tao H, Yan C, Robertson A W, Gao Y, Ding J, Zhang Y, Maa T, Sun Z. N-doping of graphene oxide at low temperature for the oxygen reduction reaction. Chemical Communications, 2017, 53(5): 873–876
|
49 |
Wang X, Sun G, Routh P, Kim D H, Huang W, Chen P. Heteroatom-doped graphene materials: Syntheses, properties and applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 2014, 43(20): 7067–7098
|
50 |
Wei D, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Huang L, Yu G. Synthesis of N-doped graphene by chemical vapor deposition and its electrical properties. Nano Letters, 2009, 9(5): 1752–1758
|
51 |
Vineesh T V, Kumar M P, Takahashi C, Kalita G, Alwarappan S, Pattanayak D K, Narayanan T N. Bifunctional electrocatalytic activity of boron-doped graphene derived from boron carbide. Advanced Energy Materials, 2015, 5(17): 1500658–1500665
|
52 |
Putri L K, Ng B J, Ong W J, Lee H W, Chang W S, Chai S P. Heteroatom nitrogen- and boron-doping as a facile strategy to improve photocatalytic activity of standalone reduced graphene oxide in hydrogen evolution. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(5): 4558–4569
|
53 |
Fang Y, Wang X. Metal-free boron-containing heterogeneous catalysts. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2017, 56(49): 15506–15518
|
54 |
Yu C, Liu Z, Meng X, Lu B, Cui D, Qiu J. Nitrogen and phosphorus dual-doped graphene as a metal-free high-efficiency electrocatalyst for triiodide reduction. Nanoscale, 2016, 8(40): 17458–17464
|
55 |
Xu J, Shui J, Wang J, Wang M, Liu H K, Dou S X, Jeon I Y, Seo J M, Baek J B, Dai L. Sulfur graphene nanostructured cathodes via ball-milling for highperformance lithium sulfur batteries. ACS Nano, 2014, 8(10): 10920–10930
|
56 |
Xu J, Jeon I Y, Seo J M, Dou S, Dai L, Baek J B. Edge-selectively halogenated graphene nanoplatelets (XGnPs, X= Cl, Br, or I) prepared by ball-milling and used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Advanced Materials, 2014, 26(43): 7317–7323
|
57 |
Xu J, Ma J, Fan Q, Guo S, Dou S. Recent progress in the design of advanced cathode materials and battery models for high-performance lithium-X (X= O2, S, Se, Te, I2, Br2) batteries. Advanced Materials, 2017, 29(28): 1606454–1606473
|
58 |
Xiang Z, Cao D, Huang L, Shui J, Wang M, Dai L. Nitrogen-doped holey graphitic carbon from 2D covalent organic polymers for oxygen reduction. Advanced Materials, 2014, 26(2): 3315–3320
|
59 |
Zhang J, Dai L. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and fluorine tri-doped graphene as a multifunctional catalyst for self-powered electrochemical water splitting. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2016, 55(42): 13296–13300
|
60 |
Du R, Zhao Q, Zhang N, Zhang J. Macroscopic carbon nanotube-based 3D monoliths. Small, 2015, 11(27): 3263–3289
|
61 |
Worsley M A, Charnvanichborikarn S, Montalvo E, Shin S J, Tylski E D, Lewicki J P, Nelson A J, Satcher J H Jr, Biener J, Baumann T F,
|
62 |
Charon E, Rouzaud J N, Aléon J. Graphitization at low temperatures (600–1200 °C) in the presence of iron implications in planetology. Carbon, 2014, 66: 178–190
|
63 |
Xia J, Zhang N, Chong S, Li D, Chen Y, Sun C. Three-dimensional porous graphene-like sheets synthesized from biocarbon via low-temperature graphitization for a supercapacitor. Green Chemistry, 2018, 20(3): 694–700
|
64 |
Wang H, Li X B, Gao L, Wu H L, Yang J, Cai L, Ma T B, Tung C H, Wu L Z, Yu G. Three-dimensional graphene networks with abundant sharp edge sites for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2018, 57(1): 192–197
|
65 |
Ren H, Tang M, Guan B, Wang K, Yang J, Wang F, Wang M, Shan J, Chen Z, Wei D,
|
66 |
Shao Y, El-Kady M F, Lin C W, Zhu G, Marsh K L, Hwang J Y, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang H, Kaner R B. 3D freeze-casting of cellular graphene films for ultrahigh-power-density supercapacitors. Advanced Materials, 2016, 28(31): 6719–6726
|
67 |
Compton B G, Lewis J A. 3D-printing of lightweight cellular composites. Advanced Materials, 2014, 26(34): 5930–5935
|
68 |
Zhu C, Han T Y, Duoss E B, Golobic A M, Kuntz J D, Spadaccini C M, Worsley M A. Highly compressible 3D periodic graphene aerogel microlattices. Nature Communications, 2015, 6(1): 6962–6969
|
69 |
Sha J, Li Y, Salvatierra R V, Wang T, Dong P, Ji Y, Lee S K, Zhang C, Zhang J, Smith R H,
|
70 |
Qi W, Yan P, Su D S. Oxidative dehydrogenation on nanocarbon: Insights into the reaction mechanism and kinetics via in situ experimental methods. Accounts of Chemical Research, 2018, 51(3): 640–648
|
71 |
Guo X, Qi W, Liu W, Yan P, Li F, Liang C, Su D S. Oxidative dehydrogenation on nanocarbon: Revealing the catalytic mechanism using model catalysts. ACS Catalysis, 2017, 7(2): 1424–1427
|
72 |
Liu W, Chen B, Duan X, Wu K H, Qi W, Guo X, Zhang B, Su D S. Molybdenum carbide modified nanocarbon catalysts for alkane dehydrogenation reactions. ACS Catalysis, 2017, 7(9): 5820–5827
|
73 |
Yang X, Cao Y, Yu H, Huang H, Wang H, Peng F. Unravelling the radical transition during the carbon-catalyzed oxidation of cyclohexane by in situ electron paramagnetic resonance in the liquid phase. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2017, 7(9): 4431–4443
|
74 |
Yang J H, Sun G, Gao Y, Zhao H, Tang P, Tan J, Lu A H, Ma D. Direct catalytic oxidation of benzene to phenol over metal-free graphene-based catalyst. Energy & Environmental Science, 2013, 6(3): 793–798
|
75 |
Indrawirawan S, Sun H, Duan X, Wang S. Low temperature combustion synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene for metal-free catalytic oxidation. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2015, 3(7): 3432–3440
|
76 |
Duan X, O’Donnell K, Sun H, Wang Y, Wang S. Sulfur and nitrogen co-doped graphene for metal-free catalytic oxidation reactions. Small, 2015, 11(25): 3036–3044
|
77 |
Huang Z F, Bao H W, Yao Y Y, Lu W Y, Chen W X. Novel green activation processes and mechanism of peroxymonosulfate based on supported cobalt phthalocyanine catalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2014, 154: 36–43
|
78 |
Diao J, Liu H, Wang J, Feng Z, Chen T, Miao C, Yang W, Su D S. Porous graphene-based material as an efficient metal free catalyst for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene. Chemical Communications, 2015, 51(16): 3423–3425
|
79 |
Dhakshinamoorthy A, Latorre-Sanchez M, Asiri A M, Primo A, Garcia H. Sulphur-doped graphene as metal-free carbocatalysts for the solventless aerobic oxidation of styrenes. Catalysis Communications, 2015, 65: 10–13
|
80 |
Gonçalves G B, Pires S G, Simoes M Q, Nevesb M S, Marques P P. Three-dimensional graphene oxide: A promising green and sustainable catalyst for oxidation reactions at room temperature. Chemical Communications, 2014, 50(57): 7673–7676
|
81 |
Long J, Xie X, Xu J, Gu Q, Chen L, Wang X. Nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets as metal-free catalysts for aerobic selective oxidation of benzylic alcohols. ACS Catalysis, 2012, 2(4): 622–631
|
82 |
Rizescu C, Podolean I, Albero J, Parvulescu V I, Coman S M, Bucur C, Puchec M. Garcia H. N-Doped graphene as a metal-free catalyst for glucose oxidation to succinic acid. Green Chemistry, 2017, 19(8): 1999–2005
|
83 |
Gu Q, Wen G, Ding Y, Wu K H, Chen C, Su D. Reduced graphene oxide: A metal-free catalyst for aerobic oxidative desulfurization. Green Chemistry, 2017, 19(4): 1175–1181
|
84 |
Gu S, Wunder S, Lu Y, Ballauff M, Fenger R, Rademann K, Jaquet B, Zaccone A. Kinetic analysis of the catalytic reduction of 4 nitrophenol by metallic nanoparticles. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2014, 118(32): 18618–18625
|
85 |
Wang Z, Su R, Wang D, Shi J, Wang J X, Pu Y, Chen J F. Sulfurized graphene as efficient metal-free catalysts for reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017, 56(46): 13610–13617
|
86 |
Liu J, Yan X, Wang L, Kong L, Jian P. Three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene foam as metal-free catalyst for the hydrogenation reduction of p-nitrophenol. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2017, 497: 102–107
|
87 |
Pan J, Song S, Li J, Wang F, Ge X, Yao S, Wang X, Zhang H. Solid ion transition route to 3D S-N-codoped hollow carbon nanosphere/graphene aerogel as a metal-free handheld nanocatalyst for organic reactions. Nano Research, 2017, 10(10): 3486–3495
|
88 |
Qiu B, Xing M, Zhang J. Recent advances in three-dimensional graphene based materials for catalysis applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 2018, 47(6): 2165–2216
|
89 |
Wang Z, Pu Y, Wang D, Shi J, Wang J X, Chen J F. 3D-foam-structured nitrogen-doped graphene-Ni catalyst for highly efficient nitrobenzene reduction. AIChE Journal. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2018, 64(4): 1330–1338
|
90 |
Gao Y, Ma D, Wang C, Guan J, Bao X. Reduced graphene oxide as a catalyst for hydrogenation of nitrobenzene at room temperature. Chemical Communications, 2011, 47(8): 2432–2434
|
91 |
Yang F, Chi C, Wang C, Wang Y, Li Y. High graphite N content in nitrogen-doped graphene as an efficient metal-free catalyst for reduction of nitroarenes in water. Green Chemistry, 2016, 18(15): 4254–4262
|
92 |
Hu F, Patel M, Luo F, Flach C, Mendelsohn R, Garfunkel E, He H, Szostak M. Graphene-catalyzed direct friedel-crafts alkylation reactions: mechanism, selectivity, and synthetic utility. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, 137(45): 14473–14480
|
93 |
Gao Y, Tang P, Zhou H, Zhang W, Yang H, Yan N, Hu G, Mei D, Wang J, Ma D. Graphene oxide catalyzed C‒H bond activation: The importance of oxygen functional groups for biaryl construction. Angewandte Chemie, 2016, 128(9): 3176–3180
|
94 |
Yang A, Li J, Zhang C, Zhang W, Ma N. One-step amine modification of graphene oxide to get a green trifunctional metal-free catalyst. Applied Surface Science, 2015, 346: 443–450
|
95 |
Li X H, Antonietti M. Polycondensation of boron- and nitrogen-codoped holey graphene monoliths from molecules: Carbocatalysts for selective oxidation. Angewandte Chemie, 2013, 52(17): 4670–4674
|
96 |
Yang F, Fan X, Wang C, Yang W, Hou L, Xu X, Feng A, Dong S, Chen K, Wang Y,
|
97 |
Lan D H, Chen L, Au C T, Yin S F. One-pot synthesized multi-functional graphene oxide as a water-tolerant and efficient metal-free heterogeneous catalyst for cycloaddition reaction. Carbon, 2015, 93: 22–31
|
98 |
Lacroix M, Dreibine L, Tymowski B, Vigneron F, Edouard D, Bégin D, Nguyen P, Pham C, Savin-Poncet S, Luck F, Ledoux M J, Pham-Huu C. Silicon carbide foam composite containing cobalt as a highly selective and re-usable Fischer-ropsch synthesis catalyst. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2011, 397(1): 62–72
|
99 |
Li X, Pan X, Yu L, Ren P, Wu X, Sun L, Jiao F, Bao X. Silicon carbide-derived carbon nanocomposite as a substitute for mercury in the catalytic hydrochlorination of acetylene. Nature Communications, 2014, 5(1): 3688–3694
|
100 |
Haase S, Weiss M, Langsch R, Bauer T, Lange R. Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in three-phase composite minichannel fixed-bed reactors. Chemical Engineering Science, 2013, 94(5): 224–236
|
101 |
Leung P C, Recasens F, Smith J M. Hydration of isobutene in a trickle-bed reactor: Wetting efficiency and mass transfer. AIChE Journal. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1987, 33(6): 996–1007
|
102 |
Leveneur S, Wärnå J, Salmi T, Murzin D Y, Estel L. Interaction of intrinsic kinetics and internal mass transfer in porous ion-exchange catalysts: Green synthesis of peroxycarboxylic acids. Chemical Engineering Science, 2009, 64(19): 4101–4114
|
103 |
Chu G W, Song Y J, Zhang W J, Luo Y, Zou H K, Xiang Y, Chen J F. Micromixing efficiency enhancement in a rotating packed bed reactor with surface-modified nickel foam packing. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2015, 54(5): 1697–1702
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |