Optimizing polylactic acid: synthesis, properties, and regulatory strategies for food packaging applications

Abstract

Polylactic acid, a biodegradable polymer derived from renewable resources, is increasingly used in food packaging due to its transparency, renewability, and food safety. However, its mechanical properties, heat resistance, and barrier performance present significant challenges that limit its application. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive literature addressing methods to optimize polylactic acid’s performance for various food packaging application. Hence, this review provides an overview of polylactic acid production processes, including the synthesis of lactic acid and lactide, as well as methods such as polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization. We critically examine the advantages and limitations of polylactic acid in various food packaging contexts, focusing on strategies to enhance its mechanical properties, barrier performance against oxygen and water vapor, surface hydrophobicity, thermal stability, and resistance to ultraviolet light. Furthermore, we summarize recent advancements in polylactic acid applications for food packaging, highlighting innovations in antioxidant, antimicrobial, and freshness indicator packaging. These developments underscore the significant potential of polylactic acid in the food packaging sector and offer valuable insights for future research directions.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

polylactic acid / biodegradable packaging materials / mechanical property / barrier property / food packaging applications

References

[1] LunettaECacciottiI. An overview of the packaging industry: state of the art, opportunities, challenges, criticisms, and solutions. Nanostructured Materials for Food Packaging Applications, 2024: 1–30

[2] Asgher M , Qamar S A , Bilal M , Iqbal H M N . Bio-based active food packaging materials: sustainable alternative to conventional petrochemical-based packaging materials. Food Research International, 2020, 137: 109625

[3] Walker T R . (Micro) plastics and the UN sustainable development goals. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 2021, 30: 100497

[4] Zheng J , Arifuzzaman M , Tang X , Chen X , Saito T . Recent development of end-of-life strategies for plastic in industry and academia: bridging their gap for future deployment. Materials Horizons, 2023, 10(5): 1608–1624

[5] Shlush E , Davidovich-Pinhas M . Bioplastics for food packaging. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2022, 125: 66–80

[6] Groh K J , Backhaus T , Carney-Almroth B , Geueke B , Inostroza P A , Lennquist A , Leslie H A , Maffini M , Slunge D , Trasande L . . Overview of known plastic packaging-associated chemicals and their hazards. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 651: 3253–3268

[7] Geueke B , Groh K , Muncke J . Food packaging in the circular economy: overview of chemical safety aspects for commonly used materials. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 193: 491–505

[8] Kan M , Miller S A . Environmental impacts of plastic packaging of food products. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2022, 180: 106156

[9] Hahladakis J N . A meta-research analysis on the biological impact of plastic litter in the marine biota. Science of the Total Environment, 2024, 928: 172504

[10] Redko V , Wolska L , Potrykus M , Olkowska E , Cieszynska-Semenowicz M , Tankiewicz M . Environmental impacts of 5-year plastic waste deposition on municipal waste landfills: a follow-up study. Science of the Total Environment, 2024, 906: 167710

[11] Sid S , Mor R S , Kishore A , Sharanagat V S . Bio-sourced polymers as alternatives to conventional food packaging materials: a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2021, 115: 87–104

[12] Novakovic K , Thumbarathy D , Peeters M , Geoghegan M , Jefferies J G , Hicks C , Manika D , Dai S . Zero-waste circular economy of plastic packaging: the bottlenecks and a way forward. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2023, 38: e00735

[13] Leal W , Salvia A L , Bonoli A , Saari U A , Voronova V , Kloga M , Kumbhar S S , Olszewski K , De Quevedo D M , Barbir J . An assessment of attitudes towards plastics and bioplastics in Europe. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 755: 142732

[14] Ali W , Ali H , Souissi S , Zinck P . Are bioplastics an ecofriendly alternative to fossil fuel plastics. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2023, 21(4): 1991–2002

[15] Zhong Y , Godwin P , Jin Y , Xiao H . Biodegradable polymers and green-based antimicrobial packaging materials: a mini-review. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, 2020, 3(1): 27–35

[16] Wu J , Hu T , Wang H , Zong M , Wu H , Wen P . Electrospinning of PLA nanofibers: recent advances and its potential application for food packaging. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2022, 70(27): 8207–8221

[17] Roy S , Ghosh T , Zhang W , Rhim J W . Recent progress in PBAT-based films and food packaging applications: a mini-review. Food Chemistry, 2024, 437: 137822

[18] Saravanan K , Umesh M , Kathirvel P . Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs): a review on biosynthesis, properties, fermentation strategies and its prospective applications for sustainable future. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2022, 30(12): 4903–4935

[19] Li G , Zhao M , Xu F , Yang B , Li X , Meng X , Teng L , Sun F , Li Y . Synthesis and biological application of polylactic acid. Molecules, 2020, 25(21): 5023

[20] Ali W , Ali H , Gillani S , Zinck P , Souissi S . Polylactic acid synthesis, biodegradability, conversion to microplastics and toxicity: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2023, 21(3): 1761–1786

[21] Datta R , Tsai S , Bonsignore P , Moon S , Frank J . Technological and economic potential of poly(lactic acid) and lactic acid derivatives. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 1995, 16(2): 221–231

[22] Naser A Z , Deiab I , Darras B M . Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), green alternatives to petroleum-based plastics: a review. RSC Advances, 2021, 11(28): 17151–17196

[23] Singhvi M S , Zinjarde S S , Gokhale D V . Polylactic acid: synthesis and biomedical applications. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2019, 127(6): 1612–1626

[24] Lunt J . Large-scale production, properties and commercial applications of polylactic acid polymers. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 1998, 59(1): 145–152

[25] Gupta B , Revagade N , Hilborn J . Poly(lactic acid) fiber: an overview. Progress in Polymer Science, 2007, 32(4): 455–482

[26] Casalini T , Rossi F , Castrovinci A , Perale G . A perspective on polylactic acid-based polymers use for nanoparticles synthesis and applications. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2019, 7: 259

[27] Swetha T A , Bora A , Mohanrasu K , Balaji P , Raja R , Ponnuchamy K , Muthusamy G , Arun A . A comprehensive review on polylactic acid (PLA)—synthesis, processing and application in food packaging. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 234: 123715

[28] Yoksan R , Boontanimitr A , Klompong N , Phothongsurakun T . Poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic cassava starch blends filled with duckweed biomass. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 203: 369–378

[29] Martinez F A C , Balciunas E M , Salgado J M , González J M D , Converti A , Oliveira R P D . Lactic acid properties, applications and production: a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2013, 30(1): 70–83

[30] Van Wouwe P , Dusselier M , Vanleeuw E , Sels B . Lactide synthesis and chirality control for polylactic acid production. ChemSusChem, 2016, 9(9): 907–921

[31] Lim L , Auras R , Rubino M . Processing technologies for poly(lactic acid). Progress in Polymer Science, 2008, 33(8): 820–852

[32] JemK Jvan der PolJ Fde VosS. Microbial lactic acid, its polymer poly(lactic acid), and their industrial applications. Plastics from Bacteria: Natural Functions and Applications, 2010: 323–346

[33] Li X , Lin Y , Liu M , Meng L , Li C . A review of research and application of polylactic acid composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2023, 140(7): e53477

[34] Yu J , Xu S , Liu B , Wang H , Qiao F , Ren X , Wei Q F . PLA bioplastic production: from monomer to the polymer. European Polymer Journal, 2023, 193: 112076

[35] Shekhar N , Mondal A . Synthesis, properties, environmental degradation, processing, and applications of polylactic acid (PLA): an overview. Polymer Bulletin, 2024, 81(13): 1–37

[36] Li Y , Qiu S , Sun J , Ren Y , Wang S , Wang X , Wang W , Li H , Fei B , Gu X . . A new strategy to prepare fully bio-based poly(lactic acid) composite with high flame retardancy, UV resistance, and rapid degradation in soil. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 428: 131979

[37] Murariu M , Dubois P . PLA composites: from production to properties. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2016, 107: 17–46

[38] Yan Y , Liang X , Feng Y , Shi L , Chen R , Guo J , Guan Y . Manipulation of crystallization nucleation and thermal degradation of PLA films by multi-morphologies CNC-ZnO nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2023, 320: 121251

[39] Svagan A J , Akesson A , Cárdenas M , Bulut S , Knudsen J C , Risbo J , Plackett D . Transparent films based on PLA and montmorillonite with tunable oxygen barrier properties. Biomacromolecules, 2012, 13(2): 397–405

[40] Shin H , Thanakkasaranee S , Sadeghi K , Seo J . Preparation and characterization of ductile PLA/PEG blend films for eco-friendly flexible packaging application. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2022, 34: 100966

[41] Farah S , Anderson D G , Langer R . Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications—a comprehensive review. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2016, 107: 367–392

[42] Niu G , Tao Y , Zhang R , Feng X , Deng H , Ren M , Sun J , Peijs T . Toughening of self-reinforced PLA films using PLA nanofiber mats and oriented PLA tapes as interlayers. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2024, 185: 108267

[43] Cisar J , Drohsler P , Pummerova M , Sedlarik V , Skoda D . Composite based on PLA with improved shape stability under high-temperature conditions. Polymer, 2023, 276: 125943

[44] Holt A , Ke Y T , Bramhall J A , Crane G , Grubbs J B III , White E M , Horn J , Locklin J . Blends of poly(butylene glutarate) and poly(lactic acid) with enhanced ductility and composting performance. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 2021, 3(3): 1652–1663

[45] Hou B , Wang Y , Gong T , Wang R , Huang L , Li B , Li J . Fabrication of highly efficient biodegradable oligomeric lactate flame-retardant plasticizers for ultra-flexible flame-retardant poly(lactic acid) composites. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 485: 149932

[46] Zych A , Perotto G , Trojanowska D , Tedeschi G , Bertolacci L , Francini N , Athanassiou A . Super tough polylactic acid plasticized with epoxidized soybean oil methyl ester for flexible food packaging. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 2021, 3(10): 5087–5095

[47] Rino J J , Suyambulingam I , Divakaran D , Sunesh N P , Singh M K , Vishnuvarthanan M , Sanjay M R , Siengchin S . Facile exfoliation and physicochemical characterization of Thespesia populnea plant leaves based bioplasticizer macromolecules reinforced with polylactic acid biofilms for packaging applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 261: 129771

[48] Wang M , Wu Y , Li Y , Zeng J . Progress in toughening poly(lactic acid) with renewable polymers. Polymer Reviews, 2017, 57(4): 557–593

[49] Anstey A , Tuccitto A V , Lee P C , Park C B . Generation of tough, stiff polylactide nanocomposites through the in situ nanofibrillation of thermoplastic elastomer. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14(12): 14422–14434

[50] Chen X , Zhang R , Mao Y , Zhong L , Lin P , Deng Q , Zheng B , Shen H , Feng Z , Zhang H . Development of a toughened and antibacterial poly(lactide acid) (PLA) with preserved strength by elemental sulfur-based bio-renewable dynamically crosslinked elastomers. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 467: 143419

[51] Ahari H , Golestan L , Anvar S A A , Cacciotti I , Garavand F , Rezaei A , Sani M A , Jafari S M . Bio-nanocomposites as food packaging materials; the main production techniques and analytical parameters. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2022, 310: 102806

[52] Beniwal P , Toor A P . Advancement in tensile properties of polylactic acid composites reinforced with rice straw fibers. Industrial Crops and Products, 2023, 192: 116098

[53] Yan L , Abdalkarim S Y H , Chen X , Chen Z , Lu W , Zhu J , Jin M , Yu H . Nucleation and property enhancement mechanism of robust and high-barrier PLA/CNFene composites with multi-level reinforcement structure. Composites Science and Technology, 2024, 245: 110364

[54] Kim D Y , Lee J B , Lee D Y . Selective localization of nanofiller on mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) nanocomposites via the surface energy and melt blending technique. Macromolecules, 2022, 55(8): 3287–3300

[55] Qi J , Yang Z , Ou Y , Jiang F , Wang Z , Zhang Y . Supertough polylactide-based materials with fast shrinking property by stereocomplex crystallites through in situ reactive blending. Industrial Crops and Products, 2022, 187: 115326

[56] Hou Y , Jia H , Pan Y , Liu C , Shen C , Liu X . Porous poly(L-lactide)/poly(D-lactide) blend film with enhanced flexibility and heat resistance via constructing a regularly oriented pore structure. Macromolecules, 2023, 56(18): 7606–7616

[57] Cai Y , Liu S , Fang C , Liu Z , He Y , Qu J . Strengthening-toughening pure poly(lactic acid) with ultra-transparency through increasing mesophase promoted by elongational flow field. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 242: 125091

[58] Shan P , Wang K , Sun F , Li Y , Sun L , Li H , Peng L . Humidity-adjustable functional gelatin hydrogel/ethyl cellulose bilayer films for active food packaging application. Food Chemistry, 2024, 439: 138202

[59] Shao P , Wu W , Chen H , Sun P , Gao H . Bilayer edible films with tunable humidity regulating property for inhibiting browning of Agaricus bisporus. Food Research International, 2020, 138: 109795

[60] Garavito J , Mendoza S M , Castellanos D A . Configuration of biodegradable equilibrium modified atmosphere packages, including a moisture absorber for fresh cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) fruits. Journal of Food Engineering, 2022, 314: 110761

[61] Zhong J , Xin Y . Preparation, compatibility and barrier properties of attapulgite/poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic starch composites. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 242: 124727

[62] Guo C , Wang S , Zhang S , Wang X , Guo H . The structure and packaging properties of films made by poly(lactic acid)/lactide grafted zeolite. Journal of Membrane Science, 2024, 690: 122227

[63] Morales-Rabanales Q N , Coyotl-Pérez W A , Rubio-Rosas E , Cortes-Ramírez G S , Sánchez Ramírez J F S , Villa-Ruano N . Antifungal properties of hybrid films containing the essential oil of Schinus molle: protective effect against postharvest rot of tomato. Food Control, 2022, 134: 108766

[64] Gonon H , Srisa A , Promhuad K , Chonhenchob V , Bumbudsanpharoke N , Jarupan L , Harnkarnsujarit N . PLA thermoformed trays incorporated with cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol as active biodegradable bakery packaging. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2023, 38: 101123

[65] Olewnik-Kruszkowska E , Gierszewska M , Wrona M , Nerin C , Grabska-Zielińska S . Polylactide-based films with the addition of poly(ethylene glycol) and extract of propolis—physico-chemical and storage properties. Foods, 2022, 11(10): 1488

[66] Macnamara J F J , Rubino M , Daum M , Kathuria A , Auras R . Unlocking the secrets of high-water barrier stereocomplex polylactide blend extrusion films. Green Chemistry, 2024, 26(4): 2248–2257

[67] Kuai L Y , Liu F , Chiou B S , Avena-Bustillos R J , McHugh T H , Zhong F . Controlled release of antioxidants from active food packaging: a review. Food Hydrocolloids, 2021, 120: 106992

[68] Hellwig M . The chemistry of protein oxidation in food. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2019, 58(47): 16742–16763

[69] Manabe K , Koyama E , Norikane Y . Cephalopods-inspired rapid self-healing nanoclay composite coatings with oxygen barrier and super-bubble-phobic properties. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021, 13(30): 36341–36349

[70] Shah Y A , Bhatia S , Al-Harrasi A , Tarahi M , Almasi H , Chawla R , Ali A M M . Insights into recent innovations in barrier resistance of edible films for food packaging applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 271: 132354

[71] Zhou X , Cheng R , Wang B , Zeng J , Xu J , Li J , Kang L , Cheng Z , Gao W , Chen K . Biodegradable sandwich-architectured films derived from pea starch and polylactic acid with enhanced shelf-life for fruit preservation. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2021, 251: 117117

[72] Parlak M E , Uzuner K , Kirac F T , Ozdemir S , Dundar A N , Sahin O I , Dagdelen A F , Saricaoglu F T . Production and characterization of biodegradable bi-layer films from poly(lactic) acid and zein. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 227: 1027–1037

[73] Chen J , Li Y , Wang Y , Yakubu S , Tang H , Li L . Active polylactic acid/tilapia fish gelatin-sodium alginate bilayer films: application in preservation of Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus). Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2022, 33: 100915

[74] Cacciotti I , Mori S , Cherubini V , Nanni F . Eco-sustainable systems based on poly(lactic acid), diatomite and coffee grounds extract for food packaging. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2018, 112: 567–575

[75] Vilarinho F , Stanzione M , Buonocore G G , Barbosa-Pereira L , Sendón R , Vaz M F , Silva A S . Green tea extract and nanocellulose embedded into polylactic acid film: properties and efficiency on retarding the lipid oxidation of a model fatty food. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2021, 27: 100609

[76] Pan Z , Ju Q , Zhao D , Shen Y , Wang T . Enhanced oxygen barrier properties of poly(lactic acid) via oxygen scavenging strategy combining with uniaxial stretching. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021, 181: 521–527

[77] Balasubramaniam S L , Patel A S , Nayak B . Surface modification of cellulose nanofiber film with fatty acids for developing renewable hydrophobic food packaging. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2020, 26: 100587

[78] Xie F , Feng X , Wang Z , Zhang D , Chen Q , He Z , He S , Wang X , Wu Y , Cai J . Bioinspired starch nanofibrous films with tunable hydrophobicity and water adhesion via tannic acid-interfacial self-assembly for food packaging. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 496: 154113

[79] Rodrigues P V , Cunha A B , Andrade M A , Vilarinho F , Machado A V , Castro M C R . Blown film of PLA for packaging with green tea and fish industrial residues: an insight on their properties. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2024, 43: 101283

[80] Eang C , Nim B , Sreearunothai P , Petchsuk A , Opaprakasit P . Chemical upcycling of polylactide (PLA) and its use in fabricating PLA-based super-hydrophobic and oleophilic electrospun nanofibers for oil absorption and oil/water separation. New Journal of Chemistry, 2022, 46(31): 14933–14943

[81] Maroufi L Y , Ghorbani M , Mohammadi M , Pezeshki A . Improvement of the physico-mechanical properties of antibacterial electrospun poly lactic acid nanofibers by incorporation of guar gum and thyme essential oil. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2021, 622: 126659

[82] Mendes J F , Norcino L B , Corrêa T Q , Barbosa T V , Paschoalin R T , Mattoso L H C . Obtaining poly(lactic acid) nanofibers encapsulated with peppermint essential oil as potential packaging via solution-blow-spinning. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 230: 123424

[83] Li R , Zhu X , Peng F , Lu F . Biodegradable, colorless, and odorless PLA/PBAT bioplastics incorporated with corn stover. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2023, 11(24): 8870–8883

[84] Bae G Y , Jang J , Jeong Y G , Lyoo W S , Min B G . Superhydrophobic PLA fabrics prepared by UV photo-grafting of hydrophobic silica particles possessing vinyl groups. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2010, 344(2): 584–587

[85] Ye Y , Li T , Zhao Y , Liu J , Lu D , Wang J , Wang K , Zhang Y , Ma J , Drioli E , Cheng X . Engineering environmentally friendly nanofiber membranes with superhydrophobic surface and intrapore interfaces for ultrafast oil-water separation. Separation and Purification Technology, 2023, 317: 123885

[86] Wang L , Li D , Ye L , Zhi C , Zhang T , Miao M . Starch-based biodegradable composites: effects of in-situ re-extrusion on structure and performance. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 266: 130869

[87] Zhang R , Jariyavidyanont K , Zhuravlev E , Schick C , Androsch R . Physical aging and glass transition dynamics of semicrystalline poly(lactic acid) for 3D-printing applications investigated by fast scanning calorimetry. Macromolecules, 2023, 57(1): 32–41

[88] Chen B , Shih C C , Chen A . Ductile PLA nanocomposites with improved thermal stability. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2012, 43(12): 2289–2295

[89] Byun Y , Rodriguez K , Han J H , Kim Y T . Improved thermal stability of polylactic acid (PLA) composite film via PLA-β-cyclodextrin-inclusion complex systems. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2015, 81: 591–598

[90] Zhang X , Gu W , Li H , Tang Y , Wu L , Xi D , Cai G , Wang Z , Gao D . Synthesis and characterization of star-shaped polylactic acid with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2012, 200: 397–400

[91] Zhao X , Pelfrey A , Pellicciotti A , Koelling K , Vodovotz Y . Synergistic effects of chain extenders and natural rubber on PLA thermal, rheological, mechanical and barrier properties. Polymer, 2023, 269: 125712

[92] Xu L , Zhao J , Qian S , Zhu X , Takahashi J . Green-plasticized poly(lactic acid)/nanofibrillated cellulose biocomposites with high strength, good toughness and excellent heat resistance. Composites Science and Technology, 2021, 203: 108613

[93] Garavand F , Nooshkam M , Khodaei D , Yousefi S , Cacciotti I , Ghasemlou M . Recent advances in qualitative and quantitative characterization of nanocellulose-reinforced nanocomposites: a review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2023, 318: 102961

[94] Wu C , Wu K . Stiff and thermal stable PLA/nanocellulose biocomposites prepared by Pickering emulsion method and cold crystallization. Cellulose, 2024, 31(2): 1017–1037

[95] Wang Q , Chen X , Zeng S , Chen P , Xu Y , Nie W , Xia R , Zhou Y . In-situ polycondensate-coated cellulose nanofiber heterostructure for polylactic acid-based composites with superior mechanical and thermal properties. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 240: 124515

[96] Cacciotti I , Fortunati E , Puglia D , Kenny J M , Nanni F . Effect of silver nanoparticles and cellulose nanocrystals on electrospun poly(lactic) acid mats: morphology, thermal properties and mechanical behavior. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2014, 103: 22–31

[97] Chen Q , Auras R , Uysal-Unalan I . Role of stereocomplex in advancing mass transport and thermomechanical properties of polylactide. Green Chemistry, 2022, 24(9): 3416–3432

[98] Tsuji H . Poly(lactic acid) stereocomplexes: a decade of progress. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2016, 107: 97–135

[99] Krishnan V G , Praveena N M , Raj R B A , Mohan K , Gowd E B . Thermoreversible gels of poly(L-lactide)/poly(D-lactide) blends: a facile route to prepare blend α-form and stereocomplex aerogels. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 2023, 5(2): 1556–1564

[100] Li P , Jiang L , Lan L , Liu F , Liu Z , Huang Y , Dan Y . Sustainable polylactide materials with the function of blocking a specific wavelength of light based on aloe-emodin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 247: 125744

[101] Fu X , Zhang T , Zhang W , Zhong Y , Fang S , Wang G , Li Y , Deng Y , Liu X , Li H . Melt-blended PLA/curcumin-cross-linked polyurethane film for enhanced UV-shielding ability. e-Polymers, 2023, 23(1): 20230009

[102] Shang H , Xu K , Li X , Lu S , Ke L , Yang H , Gao J , Tang D , Huang D , He X , Xu H , Shen B . UV-protective and high-transparency poly(lactic acid) biocomposites for ecofriendly packaging of perishable fruits. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 222: 927–937

[103] Cao X , Huang J , He Y , Hu C , Zhang Q , Yin X , Wu W , Li R . Biodegradable and renewable UV-shielding polylactide composites containing hierarchical structured POSS functionalized lignin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021, 188: 323–332

[104] Yang H , Shi B , Xue Y , Ma Z , Liu L , Liu L , Yu Y , Zhang Z , Annamalai P K , Song P . Molecularly engineered lignin-derived additives enable fire-retardant, UV-shielding, and mechanically strong polylactide biocomposites. Biomacromolecules, 2021, 22(4): 1432–1444

[105] Boarino A , Schreier A , Leterrier Y , Klok H A . Uniformly dispersed poly(lactic acid)-grafted lignin nanoparticles enhance antioxidant activity and UV-barrier properties of poly(lactic acid) packaging films. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 2022, 4(7): 4808–4817

[106] Li W , Sun C , Li C , Xu Y , Tan H , Zhang Y . Preparation of effective ultraviolet shielding poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) degradable composite film using co-precipitation and hot-pressing method. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021, 191: 540–547

[107] Li X , Liu Z , Liu Z , Li Y , Tang L , Zhang W , Lu X , Li Y , Niu R , Qu J . High transparency, degradable and UV-protective poly(lactic acid) composites based on elongational rheology and chain extender assisted melt blending. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 256: 128469

[108] Dey A , Neogi S . Oxygen scavengers for food packaging applications: a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2019, 90: 26–34

[109] Ge X , Huang X , Zhou L , Wang Y . Essential oil-loaded antimicrobial and antioxidant zein/poly(lactic acid) film as active food packaging. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2022, 34: 100977

[110] Fiore A , Park S , Volpe S , Torrieri E , Masi P . Active packaging based on PLA and chitosan-caseinate enriched rosemary essential oil coating for fresh minced chicken breast application. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2021, 29: 100708

[111] Andrade M A , Barbosa C H , Cerqueira M A , Azevedo A G , Barros C , Machado A V , Coelho A , Furtado R , Correia C B , Saraiva M . . PLA films loaded with green tea and rosemary polyphenolic extracts as an active packaging for almond and beef. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2023, 36: 101041

[112] Bayer G , Shayganpour A , Bayer I S . Antioxidant activity of limonene modified cellulose pulp fiber-polylactic acid (PLA) composites. Cellulose, 2023, 30(3): 1599–1622

[113] Siddiqui M N , Redhwi H H , Tsagkalias I , Vouvoudi E C , Achilias D S . Development of bio-composites with enhanced antioxidant activity based on poly(lactic acid) with thymol, carvacrol, limonene, or cinnamaldehyde for active food packaging. Polymers, 2021, 13(21): 3652

[114] Martínez-Aguilar V , Peña-Juárez M G , Carrillo-Sanchez P C , López-Zamora L , Delgado-Alvarado E , Gutierrez-Castañeda E J , Flores-Martínez N L , Herrera-May A L , Gonzalez-Calderon J A . Evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of SiO₂ modified with cinnamon essential oil (Cinnamomum Verum) for its use as a nanofiller in active packaging PLA films. Antioxidants, 2023, 12(5): 1090

[115] Taechutrakul S , Piroonpan T , Pasanphan W . Active film strips to extend the shelf life of fruits: multibranched PLA-gallic acid as an antioxidant/oxygen scavenger in a case study of bananas (Musa AAA group). Journal of Food Engineering, 2024, 364: 111794

[116] Ren J , Li Y , Lin Q , Li Z , Zhang G . Development of biomaterials based on plasticized polylactic acid and tea polyphenols for active-packaging application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 217: 814–823

[117] Shi C , Fang D , Huang C , Zhou A , Lu T , Wang J , Song Y , Lyu L , Wu W , Li W . Active electrospun nanofiber packaging maintains the preservation quality and antioxidant activity of blackberry. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2023, 199: 112300

[118] Di Giuseppe F , Coffigniez F , Aouf C , Guillard V , Torrieri E . Activated gallic acid as radical and oxygen scavenger in biodegradable packaging film. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2022, 31: 100811

[119] Kay I P P , Herskovitz J E E , Goddard J M M . Interfacial behavior of a polylactic acid active packaging film dictates its performance in complex food matrices. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2022, 32: 100832

[120] Herskovitz J E , Goddard J M . Reactive extrusion of nonmigratory antioxidant poly(lactic acid) packaging. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2020, 68(7): 2164–2173

[121] Hernández-García E , Vargas M , Chiralt A . Starch-polyester bilayer films with phenolic acids for pork meat preservation. Food Chemistry, 2022, 385: 132650

[122] Abdolsattari P , Rezazadeh-Bari M , Pirsa S . Smart film based on polylactic acid, modified with polyaniline/ZnO/CuO: investigation of physicochemical properties and its use of intelligent packaging of orange juice. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 2022, 15(12): 2803–2825

[123] Fu Y , Dudley E G . Antimicrobial-coated films as food packaging: a review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2021, 20(4): 3404–3437

[124] Bahrami A , Delshadi R , Assadpour E , Jafari S M , Williams L . Antimicrobial-loaded nanocarriers for food packaging applications. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2020, 278: 102140

[125] Wongphan P , Nampanya P , Chakpha W , Promhuad K , Laorenza Y , Leelaphiwat P , Bumbudsanpharoke N , Sodsai J , Harnkarnsujarit N , Lorenzo J M . Lesser galangal (Alpinia officinarum Hance) essential oil incorporated biodegradable PLA/PBS films as shelf-life extension packaging of cooked rice. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2023, 37: 101077

[126] Ordoñez R , Atarés L , Chiralt A . Properties of PLA films with cinnamic acid: effect of the processing method. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2022, 133: 25–33

[127] Kim H J , Lee C L , Yoon K S , Rhim J W . Synergistic effect of UV-C LED irradiation and PLA/PBAT-based antimicrobial packaging film on fresh-cut vegetables. Food Control, 2022, 138: 109027

[128] Silva C G , Yudice E D C , Campini P A L , Rosa D S . The performance evaluation of eugenol and linalool microencapsulated by PLA on their activities against pathogenic bacteria. Materials Today. Chemistry, 2021, 21: 100493

[129] Laorenza Y , Harnkarnsujarit N . Carvacrol, citral and α-terpineol essential oil incorporated biodegradable films for functional active packaging of Pacific white shrimp. Food Chemistry, 2021, 363: 130252

[130] Garavand F , Rouhi M , Jafarzadeh S , Khodaei D , Cacciotti I , Zargar M , Razavi S H . Tuning the physicochemical, structural, and antimicrobial attributes of whey-based poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) films by chitosan nanoparticles. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022, 9: 880520

[131] Huang S , Zou S , Wang Y . Construction of compostable packaging with antibacterial property and improved performance using sprayed coatings of modified cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2023, 305: 120539

[132] Ge X , Liang Q , Long Y , Shen H , Zhang Q , Sun Z , Li W . Assessment of fresh Alpinia galanga (A. galanga) drying techniques for the chemical composition of essential oil and its antioxidant and biological activity. Food Chemistry, 2022, 392: 133314

[133] Zhou W , He Y , Liu F , Liao L , Huang X , Li R , Zou Y , Zhou L , Zou L , Liu Y . . Carboxymethyl chitosan-pullulan edible films enriched with galangal essential oil: characterization and application in mango preservation. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2021, 256: 117579

[134] Lin W , Wang J , Wang M , Li Z , Ni Y , Wang J . Recyclable bactericidal packaging films for emperor banana preservation. Food Chemistry, 2024, 438: 138002

[135] Hao Y , Zhang M , Liu B , Ma W , Dong Q , Fan M , Wang Y , Li L . Nonmigrating active antibacterial packaging: antimicrobial mechanism against staphylococcus aureus and its application in large yellow croaker. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2023, 11(16): 6220–6229

[136] Levy R , Okun Z , Shpigelman A . High-pressure homogenization: principles and applications beyond microbial inactivation. Food Engineering Reviews, 2021, 13(3): 490–508

[137] Siroli L , Glicerina V , Capelli F , Patrignani F , Fiorini M , Andrisano V , Minelli M , Gherardi M , Lanciotti R , Colombo V . . Influence of high-pressure homogenization treatments combined with lysozyme activated packaging on microbiological and technological quality of vegetable smoothie during shelf life. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2023, 37: 101093

[138] Luo X , Zaitoon A , Lim L T . A review on colorimetric indicators for monitoring product freshness in intelligent food packaging: indicator dyes, preparation methods, and applications. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2022, 21(3): 2489–2519

[139] Rezaei F , Tajik H , Shahbazi Y . Intelligent double-layer polymers based on carboxymethyl cellulose-cellulose nanocrystals film and poly(lactic acid)-Viola odorata petal anthocyanins nanofibers to monitor food freshness. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 252: 126512

[140] Becerril R , Nerín C , Silva F . Bring some colour to your package: freshness indicators based on anthocyanin extracts. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2021, 111: 495–505

[141] Liu X , Song X , Gou D , Li H , Jiang L , Yuan M , Yuan M . A polylactide based multifunctional hydrophobic film for tracking evaluation and maintaining beef freshness by an electrospinning technique. Food Chemistry, 2023, 428: 136784

[142] Zabidi N , Nazri F , Tawakkal I S M A , Basri M S M , Basha R K , Othman S H , Afifah F , Nazri I S M A , Tawakkal M S M , Basri R K . . Characterization of active and pH-sensitive poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) films containing essential oils and anthocyanin for food packaging application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 212: 220–231

[143] Ghorbani M , Divsalar E , Molaei R , Ezati P , Moradi M , Tajik H , Abbaszadeh M . A halochromic indicator based on polylactic acid and anthocyanins for visual freshness monitoring of minced meat, chicken fillet, shrimp, and fish roe. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 2021, 74: 102864

[144] Wu Y , Ma Y , Gao Y , Liu Y , Gao C . Poly(lactic acid)-based pH responsive membrane combined with chitosan and alizarin for food packaging. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 214: 348–359

[145] Sobhan A , Muthukumarappan K , Wei L . A biopolymer-based pH indicator film for visually monitoring beef and fish spoilage. Food Bioscience, 2022, 46: 101523

[146] Yu D , Cheng S , Li Y , Su W , Tan M . Recent advances on natural colorants-based intelligent colorimetric food freshness indicators: fabrication, multifunctional applications and optimization strategies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2024, 64(33): 12448–12472

[147] Wu D , Zhang M , Chen H , Bhandari B . Freshness monitoring technology of fish products in intelligent packaging. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2021, 61(8): 1279–1292

[148] Chaiya N , Daranarong D , Worajittiphon P , Somsunan R , Meepowpan P , Tuantranont A , Rakbamrung N , Topham P D D D , Tighe B J J , Mahomed A . . 3D-printed PLA/PEO blend as biodegradable substrate coating with CoCl₂ for colorimetric humidity detection. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2022, 32: 100829

[149] Zhu J , Liu Z , Chen H , Liu H , Bao X , Li C , Chen L , Yu L . Designing and developing biodegradable intelligent package used for monitoring spoilage seafood using aggregation-induced emission indicator. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft + Technologie, 2021, 151: 112135

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press