Surface modification techniques of membranes to improve their antifouling characteristics: recent advancements and developments

Abstract

Extensive research efforts are currently devoted to developing and improving conventional technologies for water treatment. Membrane-based water treatment technologies are among the most preferred options due to their commercial success, simple operation, low energy and space requirements, and high separation efficiency. Despite the advances made in membrane-based technologies, fouling remains a critical challenge. Fouling occurs upon the accumulation of unwanted impurities on the membrane surface and within the membrane pores which results in a significant decline in the membrane permeate flux. To alleviate the operational challenges from fouling, surface modification to develop antifouling membranes appears to be an effective technique. A comprehensive review of the surface modification techniques for the development of antifouling membranes is provided in this paper. Chemical surface modification techniques (grafting and plasma treatment), physical modification techniques (blending, coating, adsorption, and thermal treatment), and combined physical and chemical modification techniques have been discussed. Moreover, the challenges related to surface modification and the future research directions are addressed.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

fouling / antifouling / membrane / surface modification / membrane pretreatment

References

[1] Kang G, Cao Y. Development of antifouling reverse osmosis membranes for water treatment: a review. Water Research, 2012, 46(3): 584–600

[2] Mukanyandwi V, Kurban A, Hakorimana E, Nahayo L, Habiyaremye G, Gasirabo A, Sindikubwabo T. Seasonal assessment of drinking water sources in Rwanda using GIS, contamination degree (Cd), and metal index (MI). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2019, 191(12): 734

[3] Tawalbeh M, Mohammed S, Alnaqbi A, Alshehhi S, Al-Othman A. Analysis for hybrid photovoltaic/solar chimney seawater desalination plant: a CFD simulation in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Renewable Energy, 2023, 202: 667–685

[4] Boretti A. Covid19 pandemic as a further driver of water scarcity in Africa. GeoJournal, 2022, 87(2): 787–814

[5] Zhang R, Liu Y, He M, Su Y, Zhao X, Elimelech M, Jiang Z. Antifouling membranes for sustainable water purification: strategies and mechanisms. Chemical Society Reviews, 2016, 45(21): 5888–5924

[6] Al-Othman A, Tawalbeh M, El Haj Assad M, Alkayyali T, Eisa A. Novel multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination plant driven by parabolic trough collectors and a solar pond: a simulation study in UAE. Desalination, 2018, 443: 237–244

[7] Al-Othman A, Darwish N N, Qasim M, Tawalbeh M, Darwish N A, Hilal N. Nuclear desalination: a state-of-the-art review. Desalination, 2019, 457: 39–61

[8] Kallem P, Bharath G, Rambabu K, Srinivasakannan C, Banat F. Improved permeability and antifouling performance of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes tailored by hydroxyapatite/boron nitride nanocomposites. Chemosphere, 2021, 268: 129306

[9] Najid N, Hakizimana J N, Kouzbour S, Gourich B, Ruiz-García A, Vial C, Stiriba Y, Semiat R. Fouling control and modeling in reverse osmosis for seawater desalination: a review. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 2022, 162: 107794

[10] Younos T, Tulou K E. Overview of desalination techniques. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 2005, (132): 3–10

[11] SrinivasS. Prebiotic-chemistry inspired polymeric coatings for the surface modification of hydrophobic polyethersulfone membranes for the enhancement of their antifouling and antibacterial properties. Thesis for the Master’s Degree. Edmonton: University of Alberta, 2020

[12] Yalcinkaya F, Boyraz E, Maryska J, Kucerova K. A review on membrane technology and chemical surface modification for the oily wastewater treatment. Materials, 2020, 13(2): 493

[13] Tsiourtis N X. Desalination and alternative water resources. European Water, 2017, 58: 103–109

[14] Tawalbeh M, Al Mojjly A, Al-Othman A, Hilal N. Membrane separation as a pre-treatment process for oily saline water. Desalination, 2018, 447: 182–202

[15] Rana D, Matsuura T. Surface modifications for antifouling membranes. Chemical Reviews, 2010, 110(4): 2448–2471

[16] Matin A, Laoui T, Falath W, Farooque M. Fouling control in reverse osmosis for water desalination & reuse: current practices & emerging environment-friendly technologies. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 765: 142721

[17] Galiano F, Schmidt S A, Ye X, Kumar R, Mancuso R, Curcio E, Gabriele B, Hoinkis J, Figoli A. UV-LED induced bicontinuous microemulsions polymerisation for surface modification of commercial membranes—enhancing the antifouling properties. Separation and Purification Technology, 2018, 194: 149–160

[18] Xing L, Wang J, Ruan X, He G. Solvent-resistant porous membranes using poly(ether-ether ketone): preparation and application. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2022, 16(11): 1536–1559

[19] Fang Y, Xu Z, Wu J. Surface modification of membranes. Encyclopedia of membrane science and technology, 2013, 1–15:

[20] Ladewig B, Al-Shaeli M N Z. Fundamentals of Membrane Bioreactors: Materials, Systems and Membrane Fouling. Singapore: Springer, 2017, 87–129:

[21] Huang S, Ras R H A, Tian X. Antifouling membranes for oily wastewater treatment: interplay between wetting and membrane fouling. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 2018, 36: 90–109

[22] Zhu L, Ding C, Zhu T, Wang Y. A review on the forward osmosis applications and fouling control strategies for wastewater treatment. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2022, 16(5): 661–680

[23] Tawalbeh M, Al-Othman A, Abdelwahab N, Alami A H, Olabi A G. Recent developments in pressure retarded osmosis for desalination and power generation. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021, 138: 110492

[24] Capizzano S, Frappa M, Macedonio F, Drioli E. A review on membrane distillation in process engineering: design and exergy equations, materials and wetting problems. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2022, 16(5): 592–613

[25] Tawalbeh M, Al-Othman A, Singh K, Douba I, Kabakebji D, Alkasrawi M. Microbial desalination cells for water purification and power generation: a critical review. Energy, 2020, 209: 118493

[26] Kumar V, Kumar M. Integrated Environmental Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Sustainable Development. Netherlands: Elsevier, 2022, 145–166:

[27] Zou X, Li J. On the fouling mechanism of polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane in the treatment of coal gasification wastewater. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2016, 10(4): 490–498

[28] Tawalbeh M, Qalyoubi L, Al-Othman A, Qasim M, Shirazi M. Insights on the development of enhanced antifouling reverse osmosis membranes: industrial applications and challenges. Desalination, 2023, 553: 116460

[29] Jhaveri J H, Murthy Z V P. A comprehensive review on anti-fouling nanocomposite membranes for pressure driven membrane separation processes. Desalination, 2016, 379: 137–154

[30] Guo W, Ngo H H, Li J. A mini-review on membrane fouling. Bioresource Technology, 2012, 122: 27–34

[31] Kochkodan V, Hilal N. A comprehensive review on surface modified polymer membranes for biofouling mitigation. Desalination, 2015, 356: 187–207

[32] Tijing L D, Woo Y C, Choi J S, Lee S, Kim S H, Shon H K. Fouling and its control in membrane distillation—a review. Journal of Membrane Science, 2015, 475: 215–244

[33] Jeong S, Naidu G, Vollprecht R, Leiknes T, Vigneswaran S. In-depth analyses of organic matters in a full-scale seawater desalination plant and an autopsy of reverse osmosis membrane. Separation and Purification Technology, 2016, 162: 171–179

[34] Naidu G, Jeong S, Kim S J, Kim I S, Vigneswaran S. Organic fouling behavior in direct contact membrane distillation. Desalination, 2014, 347: 230–239

[35] Kim H C, Dempsey B A. Membrane fouling due to alginate, SMP, EfOM, humic acid, and NOM. Journal of Membrane Science, 2013, 428: 190–197

[36] Malaeb L, Ayoub G M. Reverse osmosis technology for water treatment: state of the art review. Desalination, 2011, 267(1): 1–8

[37] Goh P S, Lau W J, Othman M H D, Ismail F. Membrane fouling in desalination and its mitigation strategies. Desalination, 2018, 425: 130–155

[38] Ying Shi C, Hui Ting L L, Boon Seng O. Membrane distillation for water recovery and its fouling phenomena. Journal of Membrane Science and Research, 2020, 6(1): 107–124

[39] Burgoyne A, Vahdati M M. Direct contact membrane distillation. Separation Science and Technology, 2000, 35(8): 1257–1284

[40] Alklaibi A M, Lior N. Membrane-distillation desalination: status and potential. Desalination, 2005, 171(2): 111–131

[41] Schäfer A I, Schwicker U, Fischer M M, Fane A G, Waite T D. Microfiltration of colloids and natural organic matter. Journal of Membrane Science, 2000, 171(2): 151–172

[42] Alkhatib A, Ayari M A, Hawari A H. Fouling mitigation strategies for different foulants in membrane distillation. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2021, 167: 108517

[43] Gryta M. Effect of iron oxides scaling on the MD process performance. Desalination, 2007, 216(1–3): 88–102

[44] He F, Gilron J, Lee H, Song L, Sirkar K K. Potential for scaling by sparingly soluble salts in crossflow DCMD. Journal of Membrane Science, 2008, 311(1–2): 68–80

[45] Lee S, Kim J, Lee C H. Analysis of CaSO₄ scale formation mechanism in various nanofiltration modules. Journal of Membrane Science, 1999, 163(1): 63–74

[46] Jiang S, Li Y, Ladewig B P. A review of reverse osmosis membrane fouling and control strategies. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 595: 567–583

[47] Piyadasa C, Ridgway H F, Yeager T R, Stewart M B, Pelekani C, Gray S R, Orbell J D. The application of electromagnetic fields to the control of the scaling and biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes—a review. Desalination, 2017, 418: 19–34

[48] Shirazi S, Lin C J, Chen D. Inorganic fouling of pressure-driven membrane processes—a critical review. Desalination, 2010, 250(1): 236–248

[49] Zulkefli N F, Alias N H, Jamaluddin N S, Abdullah N, Abdul Manaf S F, Othman N H, Marpani F, Mat-Shayuti M S, Kusworo T D. Recent mitigation strategies on membrane fouling for oily wastewater treatment. Membranes, 2021, 12(1): 26

[50] Tang C Y, Chong T H, Fane A G. Colloidal interactions and fouling of NF and RO membranes: a review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2011, 164(1–2): 126–143

[51] Motsa M M, Mamba B B, Thwala J M, Verliefde A R D. Osmotic backwash of fouled FO membranes: cleaning mechanisms and membrane surface properties after cleaning. Desalination, 2017, 402: 62–71

[52] Ang W S, Elimelech M. Protein (BSA) fouling of reverse osmosis membranes: implications for wastewater reclamation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2007, 296(1–2): 83–92

[53] Milne N A, O’Reilly T, Sanciolo P, Ostarcevic E, Beighton M, Taylor K, Mullett M, Tarquin A J, Gray S R. Chemistry of silica scale mitigation for RO desalination with particular reference to remote operations. Water Research, 2014, 65: 107–133

[54] Antony A, Low J H, Gray S, Childress A E, Le-Clech P, Leslie G. Scale formation and control in high pressure membrane water treatment systems: a review. Journal of Membrane Science, 2011, 383(1–2): 1–16

[55] Gryta M. Long-term performance of membrane distillation process. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 265(1–2): 153–159

[56] Kazim H, Sabri M, Al-Othman A, Tawalbeh M. Artificial intelligence application in membrane processes and prediction of fouling for better resource recovery. Journal of Resource Recovery, 2023, 1(2): 1008

[57] Gryta M. The assessment of microorganism growth in the membrane distillation system. Desalination, 2002, 142(1): 79–88

[58] Ibrahim Y, Banat F, Yousef A F, Bahamon D, Vega L F, Hasan S W. Surface modification of anti-fouling novel cellulose/graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets (NS) microfiltration membranes for seawater desalination applications. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2020, 95(7): 1915–1925

[59] Matin A, Khan Z, Zaidi S M J, Boyce M C. Biofouling in reverse osmosis membranes for seawater desalination: phenomena and prevention. Desalination, 2011, 281(1): 1–16

[60] FlemmingH CSchauleG. Effects and extent of biofilm accumulation in membrane systems. In: Geesey G G, ed. Biofouling and Biocorrosion in Industrial Water System. Washington D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1992

[61] Gryta M. Concentration of saline wastewater from the production of heparin. Desalination, 2000, 129(1): 35–44

[62] Krivorot M, Kushmaro A, Oren Y, Gilron J. Factors affecting biofilm formation and biofouling in membrane distillation of seawater. Journal of Membrane Science, 2011, 376(1–2): 15–24

[63] Chew J W, Krantz W B, Fane A G. Effect of a macromolecular- or bio-fouling layer on membrane distillation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2014, 456: 66–76

[64] Liu T, Chen D, Yang F, Chen J, Cao Y, Xiang M, Kang J, Xu R. Enhancing the permeability and anti-fouling properties of a polyamide thin-film composite reverse osmosis membrane via surface grafting of L-lysine. RSC Advances, 2019, 9(35): 20044–20052

[65] Shen L, Feng S, Li J, Chen J, Li F, Lin H, Yu G. Surface modification of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane via radiation grafting: novel mechanisms underlying the interesting enhanced membrane performance. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 2721

[66] Irwan G S, Aoyama Y, Kuroda S, Kubota H, Kondo T. Photografting of N-isopropylacrylamide and glycidyl methacrylate binary monomers on polyethylene film: Effect of mixed solvent consisting of water and organic solvent. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2005, 97(6): 2469–2475

[67] Liu Z M, Xu Z K, Wan L S, Wu J, Ulbricht M. Surface modification of polypropylene microfiltration membranes by the immobilization of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone): a facile plasma approach. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 249(1–2): 21–31

[68] Wei X, Fei Y, Shi Y, Chen J, Lv B, Chen Y, Xiang H. Hemocompatibility and ultrafiltration performance of PAN membranes surface-modified by hyperbranched polyesters. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2016, 27(12): 1569–1576

[69] Rahimpour A, Madaeni S S, Zereshki S, Mansourpanah Y. Preparation and characterization of modified nano-porous PVDF membrane with high antifouling property using UV photo-grafting. Applied Surface Science, 2009, 255(16): 7455–7461

[70] Zhang D Y, Liu J, Shi Y S, Wang Y, Liu H F, Hu Q L, Su L, Zhu J. Antifouling polyimide membrane with surface-bound silver particles. Journal of Membrane Science, 2016, 516: 83–93

[71] Pan Y, Ma L, Lin S, Zhang Y, Cheng B, Meng J. One-step bimodel grafting via a multicomponent reaction toward antifouling and antibacterial TFC RO membranes. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2016, 4(41): 15945–15960

[72] Suresh D, Goh P S, Ismail A F, Hilal N. Surface design of liquid separation membrane through graft polymerization: a state of the art review. Membranes, 2021, 11(11): 832

[73] Wu W, Zhang X, Qin L, Li X, Meng Q, Shen C, Zhang G. Enhanced MPBR with polyvinylpyrrolidone-graphene oxide/PVDF hollow fiber membrane for efficient ammonia nitrogen wastewater treatment and high-density Chlorella cultivation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 379: 122368

[74] Maity S, Mishra B, Nayak K, Dubey N C, Tripathi B P. Zwitterionic microgel based anti(-bio)fouling smart membranes for tunable water filtration and molecular separation. Materials Today. Chemistry, 2022, 24: 100779

[75] Lu Y, Yue Z, Wang W, Cao Z. Strategies on designing multifunctional surfaces to prevent biofilm formation. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2015, 9(3): 324–335

[76] Madaeni S S. The application of membrane technology for water disinfection. Water Research, 1999, 33(2): 301–308

[77] Zhang Y, Wan Y, Pan G, Wei X, Li Y, Shi H, Liu Y. Preparation of high performance polyamide membrane by surface modification method for desalination. Journal of Membrane Science, 2019, 573: 11–20

[78] Ding J, Liang H, Zhu X, Xu D, Luo X, Wang Z, Bai L. Surface modification of nanofiltration membranes with zwitterions to enhance antifouling properties during brackish water treatment: a new concept of a “buffer layer”. Journal of Membrane Science, 2021, 637: 119651

[79] Yune P S, Kilduff J E, Belfort G. Fouling-resistant properties of a surface-modified poly(ether sulfone) ultrafiltration membrane grafted with poly(ethylene glycol)-amide binary monomers. Journal of Membrane Science, 2011, 377(1‒2): 159–166

[80] Zhao X, Su Y, Chen W, Peng J, Jiang Z. Grafting perfluoroalkyl groups onto polyacrylonitrile membrane surface for improved fouling release property. Journal of Membrane Science, 2012, 415‒416: 824–834

[81] Kallem P, Ibrahim Y, Hasan S W, Show P L, Banat F. Fabrication of novel polyethersulfone (PES) hybrid ultrafiltration membranes with superior permeability and antifouling properties using environmentally friendly sulfonated functionalized polydopamine nanofillers. Separation and Purification Technology, 2021, 261: 118311

[82] Arumugham T, Ouda M, Krishnamoorthy R, Hai A, Gnanasundaram N, Hasan S W, Banat F. Surface-engineered polyethersulfone membranes with inherent Fe-Mn bimetallic oxides for improved permeability and antifouling capability. Environmental Research, 2022, 204: 112390

[83] Kallem P, Elashwah N, Bharath G, Hegab H M, Hasan S W, Banat F. Zwitterion-grafted 2D MXene (Ti₃C₂TX) nanocomposite membranes with improved water permeability and self-cleaning properties. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2023, 6(1): 607–621

[84] Dadari S, Rahimi M, Zinadini S. Novel antibacterial and antifouling PES nanofiltration membrane incorporated with green synthesized nickel-bentonite nanoparticles for heavy metal ions removal. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 431: 134116

[85] Zhang J, Jian Z, Jiang M, Peng B, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Zheng J. Influence of dispersed TiO₂ nanoparticles via steric interaction on the antifouling performance of PVDF/TiO₂ composite membranes. Membranes, 2022, 12(11): 1118

[86] Al Bsoul A, Hailat M, Abdelhay A, Tawalbeh M, Jum’h I, Bani-Melhem K. Treatment of olive mill effluent by adsorption on titanium oxide nanoparticles. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 688: 1327–1334

[87] Irshad M A, Nawaz R, Rehman M, Adrees M, Rizwan M, Ali S, Ahmad S, Tasleem S. Synthesis, characterization and advanced sustainable applications of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021, 212: 111978

[88] Remanan S, Sharma M, Bose S, Das N C. Recent advances in preparation of porous polymeric membranes by unique techniques and mitigation of fouling through surface modification. ChemistrySelect, 2018, 3(2): 609–633

[89] Van der Bruggen B. Chemical modification of polyethersulfone nanofiltration membranes: a review. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2009, 114(1): 630–642

[90] Sawada I, Fachrul R, Ito T, Ohmukai Y, Maruyama T, Matsuyama H. Development of a hydrophilic polymer membrane containing silver nanoparticles with both organic antifouling and antibacterial properties. Journal of Membrane Science, 2012, 387–388: 1–6

[91] Khajouei M, Najafi M, Jafari S A, Latifi M. Membrane surface modification via in situ grafting of GO/Pt nanoparticles for nitrate removal with anti-biofouling properties. Micromachines, 2023, 14(1): 128

[92] Hu Q, Yuan Y, Wu Z, Lu H, Li N, Zhang H. The effect of surficial function groups on the anti-fouling and anti-scaling performance of thin-film composite reverse osmosis membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2023, 668: 121276

[93] Feng Y, Peng H, Zhao Q. Fabrication of high performance Mg²⁺/Li⁺ nanofiltration membranes by surface grafting of quaternized bipyridine. Separation and Purification Technology, 2022, 280: 119848

[94] Madalosso H B, Machado R, Hotza D, Marangoni C. Membrane surface modification by electrospinning, coating, and plasma for membrane distillation applications: a state-of-the-art review. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2021, 23(6): 2001456

[95] Liu R, Wang X, Yu J, Wang Y, Zhu J, Hu Z. Surface modification of UHMWPE/fabric composite membr ane via self-polymerized polydopamine followed by mPEG-NH₂ immobilization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2018, 135(26): 46428

[96] Zhang X, Huang H, Li Q, Yu H, Tian X, Zhao M, Zhang H. Facile dual-functionalization of polyamide reverse osmosis membrane by a natural polypeptide to improve the antifouling and chlorine-resistant properties. Journal of Membrane Science, 2020, 604: 118044

[97] Han J L, Xia X, Tao Y, Yun H, Hou Y N, Zhao C W, Luo Q, Cheng H Y, Wang A J. Shielding membrane surface carboxyl groups by covalent-binding graphene oxide to improve anti-fouling property and the simultaneous promotion of flux. Water Research, 2016, 102: 619–628

[98] Xu W, Zhuang H, Chen W, Liu W, Pan X. Covalent organic framework-poly(acrylic acid)-modified poly(vinylidene fluoride) ultrafiltration membranes towards enhanced antifouling properties and low hydrophilic material leaching. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2022, 139(32): e52767

[99] Nauman Javed R M, Al-Othman A, Tawalbeh M, Olabi A G. Recent developments in graphene and graphene oxide materials for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells applications. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 168: 112836

[100] Hilal N, Al-Khatib L, Atkin B P, Kochkodan V, Potapchenko N. Photochemical modification of membrane surfaces for (bio)fouling reduction: a nano-scale study using AFM. Desalination, 2003, 158(1–3): 65–72

[101] Lin N H, Kim M, Lewis G T, Cohen Y. Polymer surface nano-structuring of reverse osmosis membranes for fouling resistance and improved flux performance. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2010, 20(22): 4642–4652

[102] Davenport D M, Lee J, Elimelech M. Efficacy of antifouling modification of ultrafiltration membranes by grafting zwitterionic polymer brushes. Separation and Purification Technology, 2017, 189: 389–398

[103] Chang Y, Ko C Y, Shih Y J, Quémener D, Deratani A, Wei T C, Wang D M, Lai J Y. Surface grafting control of PEGylated poly(vinylidene fluoride) antifouling membrane via surface-initiated radical graft copolymerization. Journal of Membrane Science, 2009, 345(1–2): 160–169

[104] Lee J, Ha J H, Song I H. Improving the antifouling properties of ceramic membranes via chemical grafting of organosilanes. Separation Science and Technology, 2016, 51(14): 2420–2428

[105] Deng L, Li S, Qin Y, Zhang L, Chen H, Chang Z, Hu Y. Fabrication of antifouling thin-film composite nanofiltration membrane via surface grafting of polyethyleneimine followed by zwitterionic modification. Journal of Membrane Science, 2021, 619: 118564

[106] Wang J, Li S L, Guan Y, Zhu C, Gong G, Hu Y. Novel RO membranes fabricated by grafting sulfonamide group: improving water permeability, fouling resistance and chlorine resistant performance. Journal of Membrane Science, 2022, 641: 119919

[107] Yadav A, Singh K, Shahi V K. Side-chain grafted functional groups poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) anti-fouling fluorinated polymer membrane with tuneable hydrophobicity for distillation. Desalination, 2022, 525: 115501

[108] Zhang T, Guo X, Solomon B, Sharifpur M, Zhang L Z. A hydrophobic-hydrophilic MXene/PVDF composite hollow fiber membrane with enhanced antifouling properties for seawater desalination. Journal of Membrane Science, 2022, 644: 120146

[109] Ziemann E, Qin J, Coves T, Bernstein R. Effect of branching in zwitterionic polymer brushes grafted from PES UF membrane surfaces via AGET-ATR(c)P. Journal of Membrane Science, 2023, 672: 121422

[110] Li X, Tan S, Luo J, Pinelo M. Nanofiltration for separation and purification of saccharides from biomass. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2021, 15(4): 837–853

[111] Zhou J, Li W, Gu J S, Yu H Y. Surface modification of polypropylene membrane to improve antifouling characteristics in a submerged membrane-bioreactor: Ar plasma treatment. Membrane Water Treatment, 2010, 1(1): 83–92

[112] Pal D, Neogi S, De S. Treatment of polyacrylonitrile co-polymer membrane by low temperature radio-frequency nitrogen plasma. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2018, 29(2): 775–784

[113] Khoo Y S, Lau W J, Liang Y Y, Karaman M, Gürsoy M, Ismail A F. Eco-friendly surface modification approach to develop thin film nanocomposite membrane with improved desalination and antifouling properties. Journal of Advanced Research, 2021, 36: 39–49

[114] Wang F, Zheng T, Wang P, Chen M, Wang Z, Jiang H, Ma J. Enhanced water permeability and antifouling property of coffee-ring-textured polyamide membranes by in situ incorporation of a zwitterionic metal-organic framework. Environmental Science & Technology, 2021, 55(8): 5324–5334

[115] Dehghanpour S B, Parvizian F, Vatanpour V, He T. Enhancing the flux and salt rejection of thin-film composite nanofiltration membranes prepared on plasma-treated polyethylene using PVA/TS-1 composite. Reactive & Functional Polymers, 2022, 177: 105329

[116] Yu H, He X, Liu L, Gu J, Wei X. Surface modification of poly(propylene) microporous membrane to improve its antifouling characteristics in an SMBR: O₂ plasma treatment. Plasma Processes and Polymers, 2008, 5(1): 84–91

[117] Yu H Y, Tang Z Q, Huang L, Cheng G, Li W, Zhou J, Yan M G, Gu J S, Wei X W. Surface modification of polypropylene macroporous membrane to improve its antifouling characteristics in a submerged membrane-bioreactor: H₂O plasma treatment. Water Research, 2008, 42(16): 4341–4347

[118] Yu H Y, Liu L Q, Tang Z Q, Yan M G, Gu J S, Wei X W. Surface modification of polypropylene microporous membrane to improve its antifouling characteristics in an SMBR: air plasma treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 2008, 311(1–2): 216–224

[119] Yu H Y, He X C, Liu L Q, Gu J S, Wei X W. Surface modification of polypropylene microporous membrane to improve its antifouling characteristics in an SMBR: N₂ plasma treatment. Water Research, 2007, 41(20): 4703–4709

[120] Li R, Zhang Y, Li Q, Niu H. Study on the modified effect of polyvinylidene fluoride membrane by remote argon plasma. Surface Engineering, 2021, 37(9): 1110–1119

[121] Zhao W, Huang J, Fang B, Nie S, Yi N, Su B, Li H, Zhao C. Modification of polyethersulfone membrane by blending semi-interpenetrating network polymeric nanoparticles. Journal of Membrane Science, 2011, 369(1–2): 258–266

[122] Xia Y, Cheng C, Wang R, Nie C, Deng J, Zhao C. Ag-nanogel blended polymeric membranes with antifouling, hemocompatible and bactericidal capabilities. Journal of Materials Chemistry. B, Materials for Biology and Medicine, 2015, 3(48): 9295–9304

[123] Rahimpour A, Jahanshahi M, Rajaeian B, Rahimnejad M. TiO₂ entrapped nano-composite PVDF/SPES membranes: preparation, characterization, antifouling and antibacterial properties. Desalination, 2011, 278(1–3): 343–353

[124] Zhao S, Yan W, Shi M, Wang Z, Wang J, Wang S. Improving permeability and antifouling performance of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane by incorporation of ZnO-DMF dispersion containing nano-ZnO and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Journal of Membrane Science, 2015, 478: 105–116

[125] Dong C, He G, Li H, Zhao R, Han Y, Deng Y. Antifouling enhancement of poly(vinylidene fluoride) microfiltration membrane by adding Mg(OH)₂ nanoparticles. Journal of Membrane Science, 2012, 387–388: 40–47

[126] Ahmad T, Liu X, Guria C. Preparation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane blended with acrylamide grafted bentonite for oily water treatment. Chemosphere, 2023, 310: 136840

[127] Zhao W, Mou Q, Zhang X, Shi J, Sun S, Zhao C. Preparation and characterization of sulfonated polyethersulfone membranes by a facile approach. European Polymer Journal, 2013, 49(3): 738–751

[128] Razmjou A, Resosudarmo A, Holmes R L, Li H, Mansouri J, Chen V. The effect of modified TiO₂ nanoparticles on the polyethersulfone ultrafiltration hollow fiber membranes. Desalination, 2012, 287: 271–280

[129] Gohari R J, Halakoo E, Nazri N A M, Lau W J, Matsuura T, Ismail A F. Improving performance and antifouling capability of PES UF membranes via blending with highly hydrophilic hydrous manganese dioxide nanoparticles. Desalination, 2014, 335(1): 87–95

[130] Zinadini S, Zinatizadeh A A, Rahimi M, Vatanpour V, Zangeneh H. Preparation of a novel antifouling mixed matrix PES membrane by embedding graphene oxide nanoplates. Journal of Membrane Science, 2014, 453: 292–301

[131] Martín A, Arsuaga J M, Roldán N, de Abajo J, Martínez A, Sotto A. Enhanced ultrafiltration PES membranes doped with mesostructured functionalized silica particles. Desalination, 2015, 357: 16–25

[132] Xie Y, Li S S, Jiang X, Xiang T, Wang R, Zhao C S. Zwitterionic glycosyl modified polyethersulfone membranes with enhanced anti-fouling property and blood compatibility. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2015, 443: 36–44

[133] Oulad F, Zinadini S, Zinatizadeh A A, Derakhshan A A. Fabrication and characterization of a novel tannic acid coated boehmite/PES high performance antifouling NF membrane and application for licorice dye removal. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 397: 125105

[134] Waheed H, Mukhtar A. Effect of sericin additive on cellulose acetate membrane morphology and protein rejection. Key Engineering Materials, 2022, 929: 65–70

[135] Ayyavoo J, Nguyen T P N, Jun B M, Kim I C, Kwon Y N. Protection of polymeric membranes with antifouling surfacing via surface modifications. Colloids and Surfaces. A, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2016, 506: 190–201

[136] Guo H, Li X, Yang W, Yao Z, Mei Y, Peng L E, Yang Z, Shao S, Tang C Y. Nanofiltration for drinking water treatment: a review. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2022, 16(5): 681–698

[137] Shahkaramipour N, Tran T N, Ramanan S, Lin H. Membranes with surface-enhanced antifouling properties for water purification. Membranes, 2017, 7(1): 13

[138] Wang F, Lee J, Ha J H, Song I H. Surface modification of alumina membranes via a sol-gel process for antifouling properties. Materials Letters, 2017, 191: 200–202

[139] Wang N, Wang J, Zhang P, Wang W, Sun C, Xiao L, Chen C, Zhao B, Kong Q, Zhu B. Metal cation removal by P(VC-r-AA) copolymer ultrafiltration membranes. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2018, 12(2): 262–272

[140] Miller D J, Dreyer D R, Bielawski C W, Paul D R, Freeman B D. Surface modification of water purification membranes. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2017, 56(17): 4662–4711

[141] Mozafari M, Seyedpour S F, Salestan S K, Rahimpour A, Shamsabadi A A, Firouzjaei M D, Esfahani M R, Tiraferri A, Mohsenian H, Sangermano M, Soroush M. Facile Cu-BTC surface modification of thin chitosan film coated polyethersulfone membranes with improved antifouling properties for sustainable removal of manganese. Journal of Membrane Science, 2019, 588: 117200

[142] Li Y, Shi S, Cao H, Zhao Z, Su C, Wen H. Improvement of the antifouling performance and stability of an anion exchange membrane by surface modification with graphene oxide (GO) and polydopamine (PDA). Journal of Membrane Science, 2018, 566: 44–53

[143] Zhang J, Xue Q, Pan X, Jin Y, Lu W, Ding D, Guo Q. Graphene oxide/polyacrylonitrile fiber hierarchical-structured membrane for ultra-fast microfiltration of oil-water emulsion. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 307: 643–649

[144] Teng L, Yue C, Zhang G. Epoxied SiO₂ nanoparticles and polyethyleneimine (PEI) coated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane for improved oil water separation, anti-fouling, dye and heavy metal ions removal capabilities. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2023, 630: 416–429

[145] Yin X, He Y, He T, Li H, Wu J, Zhou L, Li S, Li C. A durable MOF-303-coated stainless steel mesh with robust anti-oil-fouling performance for multifunctional oil/water separation. Colloids and Surfaces. A, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2023, 657: 130515

[146] Nikkola J, Sievänen J, Raulio M, Wei J, Vuorinen J, Tang C Y. Surface modification of thin film composite polyamide membrane using atomic layer deposition method. Journal of Membrane Science, 2014, 450: 174–180

[147] Lu X, Peng Y, Qiu H, Liu X, Ge L. Anti-fouling membranes by manipulating surface wettability and their anti-fouling mechanism. Desalination, 2017, 413: 127–135

[148] JahangirD. Surface modification of ceramic membranes with thin-film deposition methods for wastewater treatment. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Thuwal: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 2017

[149] Liu L, Shao B, Yang F. Polydopamine coating-surface modification of polyester filter and fouling reduction. Separation and Purification Technology, 2013, 118: 226–233

[150] Zhang Y, Wan Y, Pan G, Shi H, Yan H, Xu J, Guo M, Wang Z, Liu Y. Surface modification of polyamide reverse osmosis membrane with sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol for antifouling. Applied Surface Science, 2017, 419: 177–187

[151] Ouda M, Ibrahim Y, Kallem P, Govindan B, Banat F, Hasan S W. Highly permeable, environmentally-friendly, antifouling polylactic acid-hydroxyapatite/polydopamine (PLA-HAp/PDA) ultrafiltration membranes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 330: 129871

[152] Yang H L, Lin J C T, Huang C. Application of nanosilver surface modification to RO membrane and spacer for mitigating biofouling in seawater desalination. Water Research, 2009, 43(15): 3777–3786

[153] La Y H, McCloskey B D, Sooriyakumaran R, Vora A, Freeman B, Nassar M, Hedrick J, Nelson A, Allen R. Bifunctional hydrogel coatings for water purification membranes: improved fouling resistance and antimicrobial activity. Journal of Membrane Science, 2011, 372(1–2): 285–291

[154] Yang X, Huang J, Yang F, Wang W, Xue C, Zhou W, Wu Y, Shao L, Zhang Y. Metal-organophosphate biphasic interfacial coordination reaction synthesizing nanofiltration membranes with the ultrathin selective layer, excellent acid-resistance and antifouling performance. Journal of Membrane Science, 2022, 653: 120521

[155] Yang W, Pan M, Zhang J, Zhang L, Lin F, Liu X, Huang C, Chen X Z, Wang J, Yan B, Zeng H. A universal strategy for constructing robust and antifouling cellulose nanocrystal coating. Advanced Functional Materials, 2022, 32(8): 2109989

[156] Reddy A V R, Mohan D J, Bhattacharya A, Shah V J, Ghosh P K. Surface modification of ultrafiltration membranes by preadsorption of a negatively charged polymer: I. Permeation of water soluble polymers and inorganic salt solutions and fouling resistance properties. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 214(2): 211–221

[157] Wang S Y, Fang L F, Cheng L, Jeon S, Kato N, Matsuyama H. Improved antifouling properties of membranes by simple introduction of zwitterionic copolymers via electrostatic adsorption. Journal of Membrane Science, 2018, 564: 672–681

[158] Ma X, Su Y, Sun Q, Wang Y, Jiang Z. Enhancing the antifouling property of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes through surface adsorption-crosslinking of poly(vinyl alcohol). Journal of Membrane Science, 2007, 300(1–2): 71–78

[159] Wang S Y, Fang L F, Takagi R, Matsuyama H. Development of membranes with well-dispersed polyampholytic copolymer via a composite coagulation process. Journal of Membrane Science, 2021, 620: 118848

[160] Lin Y C, Chao C M, Wang D K, Liu K M, Tseng H H. Enhancing the antifouling properties of a PVDF membrane for protein separation by grafting branch-like zwitterions via a novel amphiphilic SMA-HEA linker. Journal of Membrane Science, 2021, 624: 119126

[161] Gholami M, Nasseri S, Feng C Y, Matsuura T, Khulbe K C. The effect of heat-treatment on the ultrafiltration performance of polyethersulfone (PES) hollow-fiber membranes. Desalination, 2003, 155(3): 293–301

[162] Wang Y, Lai C, Wang X, Liu Y, Hu H, Guo Y, Ma K, Fei B, Xin J H. Beads-on-string structured nanofibers for smart and reversible oil/water separation with outstanding antifouling property. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8(38): 25612–25620

[163] Jang W, Yun J, Park Y, Park I K, Byun H, Lee C H. Polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membrane modified with Ag/GO composite for water purification system. Polymers, 2020, 12(11): 2441

[164] Kusworo T D, Widayat W, Utomo D P, Pratama Y H S, Arianti R A V. Performance evaluation of modified nanohybrid membrane polyethersulfone-nano ZnO (PES-nano ZnO) using three combination effect of PVP, irradiation of ultraviolet and thermal for biodiesel purification. Renewable Energy, 2020, 148: 935–945

[165] Soltannia B, Islam M A, Cho J Y, Mohammadtabar F, Wang R, Piunova V A, Almansoori Z, Rastgar M, Myles A J, La Y H, Sadrzadeh M. Thermally stable core-shell star-shaped block copolymers for antifouling enhancement of water purification membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2020, 598: 117686

[166] Wei Q, Becherer T, Angioletti-Uberti S, Dzubiella J, Wischke C, Neffe A T, Lendlein A, Ballauff M, Haag R. Protein interactions with polymer coatings and biomaterials. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2014, 53(31): 8004–8031

[167] Lejars M, Margaillan A, Bressy C. Fouling release coatings: a nontoxic alternative to biocidal antifouling coatings. Chemical Reviews, 2012, 112(8): 4347–4390

[168] Roy Y, Warsinger D M, Lienhard J H. Effect of temperature on ion transport in nanofiltration membranes: diffusion, convection and electromigration. Desalination, 2017, 420: 241–257

[169] Warsinger D M, Swaminathan J, Guillen-Burrieza E, Arafat H A, Lienhard V J H. Scaling and fouling in membrane distillation for desalination applications: a review. Desalination, 2015, 356: 294–313

[170] Kesieme U K, Milne N, Aral H, Cheng C Y, Duke M. Economic analysis of desalination technologies in the context of carbon pricing, and opportunities for membrane distillation. Desalination, 2013, 323: 66–74

[171] He F, Sirkar K K, Gilron J. Studies on scaling of membranes in desalination by direct contact membrane distillation: CaCO₃ and mixed CaCO₃/CaSO₄ systems. Chemical Engineering Science, 2009, 64(8): 1844–1859

[172] Karakulski K, Gryta M. Water demineralisation by NF/MD integrated processes. Desalination, 2005, 177(1–3): 109–119

[173] Qu D, Wang J, Wang L, Hou D, Luan Z, Wang B. Integration of accelerated precipitation softening with membrane distillation for high-recovery desalination of primary reverse osmosis concentrate. Separation and Purification Technology, 2009, 67(1): 21–25

[174] Choudhury M R, Anwar N, Jassby D, Rahaman M S. Fouling and wetting in the membrane distillation driven wastewater reclamation process—a review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2019, 269: 370–399

[175] Peng Y, Ge J, Li Z, Wang S. Effects of anti-scaling and cleaning chemicals on membrane scale in direct contact membrane distillation process for RO brine concentrate. Separation and Purification Technology, 2015, 154: 22–26

[176] Zhang P, Knötig P, Gray S, Duke M. Scale reduction and cleaning techniques during direct contact membrane distillation of seawater reverse osmosis brine. Desalination, 2015, 374: 20–30

[177] Gryta M. Fouling in direct contact membrane distillation process. Journal of Membrane Science, 2008, 325(1): 383–394

[178] Gryta M. Desalination of thermally softened water by membrane distillation process. Desalination, 2010, 257(1–3): 30–35

[179] Al-Amoudi A, Lovitt R W. Fouling strategies and the cleaning system of NF membranes and factors affecting cleaning efficiency. Journal of Membrane Science, 2007, 303(1–2): 4–28

[180] Porcelli N, Judd S. Chemical cleaning of potable water membranes: a review. Separation and Purification Technology, 2010, 71(2): 137–143

[181] Varin K J, Lin N H, Cohen Y. Biofouling and cleaning effectiveness of surface nanostructured reverse osmosis membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2013, 446: 472–481

[182] Gryta M. Influence of polypropylene membrane surface porosity on the performance of membrane distillation process. Journal of Membrane Science, 2007, 287(1): 67–78

[183] Filloux E, Wang J, Pidou M, Gernjak W, Yuan Z. Biofouling and scaling control of reverse osmosis membrane using one-step cleaning-potential of acidified nitrite solution as an agent. Journal of Membrane Science, 2015, 495: 276–283

[184] Curcio E, Ji X, Di Profio G, Sulaiman A O, Fontananova E, Drioli E. Membrane distillation operated at high seawater concentration factors: role of the membrane on CaCO₃ scaling in presence of humic acid. Journal of Membrane Science, 2010, 346(2): 263–269

[185] Shi X, Tal G, Hankins N P, Gitis V. Fouling and cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes: a review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2014, 1: 121–138

[186] Ahmad A L, Che Lah N F, Ismail S, Ooi B S. Membrane antifouling methods and alternatives: ultrasound approach. Separation and Purification Reviews, 2012, 41(4): 318–346

[187] KumarVKumarM. Integrated Environmental Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Sustainable Development. Netherlands: Elsevier, 2022, 321–336

[188] Chen G, Yang X, Wang R, Fane A G. Performance enhancement and scaling control with gas bubbling in direct contact membrane distillation. Desalination, 2013, 308: 47–55

[189] Ramon G Z, Nguyen T V, Hoek E M V. Osmosis-assisted cleaning of organic-fouled seawater RO membranes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 218: 173–182

[190] YasuiK. Acoustic Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018

[191] Qasim M, Darwish N N, Mhiyo S, Darwish N A, Hilal N. The use of ultrasound to mitigate membrane fouling in desalination and water treatment. Desalination, 2018, 443: 143–164

[192] Borea L, Naddeo V, Shalaby M S, Zarra T, Belgiorno V, Abdalla H, Shaban A M. Wastewater treatment by membrane ultrafiltration enhanced with ultrasound: effect of membrane flux and ultrasonic frequency. Ultrasonics, 2018, 83: 42–47

[193] Patel T M, Nath K. Alleviation of flux decline in cross flow nanofiltration of two-component dye and salt mixture by low frequency ultrasonic irradiation. Desalination, 2013, 317: 132–141

[194] Feng D, van Deventer J S J, Aldrich C. Ultrasonic defouling of reverse osmosis membranes used to treat wastewater effluents. Separation and Purification Technology, 2006, 50(3): 318–323

[195] Qasim M, Khudhur F W, Aidan A, Darwish N A. Ultrasound-assisted forward osmosis desalination using inorganic draw solutes. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2020, 61: 104810

[196] Choi Y J, Kim S H, Jeong S, Hwang T M. Application of ultrasound to mitigate calcium sulfate scaling and colloidal fouling. Desalination, 2014, 336(1): 153–159

[197] Hou D, Wang Z, Li G, Fan H, Wang J, Huang H. Ultrasonic assisted direct contact membrane distillation hybrid process for membrane scaling mitigation. Desalination, 2015, 375: 33–39

[198] Lamminen M O, Walker H W, Weavers L K. Mechanisms and factors influencing the ultrasonic cleaning of particle-fouled ceramic membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2004, 237(1–2): 213–223

[199] Kassa S T, Hu C C, Keshebo D L, Ang M B M, Lai J Y, Chu J P. Surface modification of high-rejection ultrafiltration membrane with antifouling capability using activated oxygen treatment and metallic glass deposition. Applied Surface Science, 2020, 529: 147131

[200] Sui Y, Gao X, Wang Z, Gao C. Antifouling and antibacterial improvement of surface-functionalized poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane prepared via dihydroxyphenylalanine-initiated atom transfer radical graft polymerizations. Journal of Membrane Science, 2012, 394–395: 107–119

[201] Madaeni S S, Ghaemi N. Characterization of self-cleaning RO membranes coated with TiO₂ particles under UV irradiation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2007, 303(1–2): 221–233

[202] Jiang S, Wang J, Wu J, Chen Y. Poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(ether sulfone)-g-poly(ether glycol) methyl ether methacrylate blend membranes with improved ultrafiltration performance and fouling resistance. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2015, 132(21): 41726

[203] Yalcinkaya F, Siekierka A, Bryjak M. Preparation of fouling-resistant nanofibrous composite membranes for separation of oily wastewater. Polymers, 2017, 9(12): 679

[204] Moghadam M T, Lesage G, Mohammadi T, Mericq J P, Mendret J, Heran M, Faur C, Brosillon S, Hemmati M, Naeimpoor F. Improved antifouling properties of TiO₂/PVDF nanocomposite membranes in UV-coupled ultrafiltration. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2015, 132(21): 41731

[205] Nayak K, Kumar A, Tripathi B P. Molecular grafting and zwitterionization based antifouling and underwater superoleophobic PVDF membranes for oil/water separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2022, 643: 120038

[206] Zhang Y, Wan Y, Pan G, Yan H, Yao X, Shi H, Tang Y, Wei X, Liu Y. Surface modification of polyamide reverse osmosis membrane with organic-inorganic hybrid material for antifouling. Applied Surface Science, 2018, 433: 139–148

[207] Duan L, Huang W, Zhang Y. High-flux, antibacterial ultrafiltration membranes by facile blending with N-halamine grafted halloysite nanotubes. RSC Advances, 2015, 5(9): 6666–6674

[208] Zhu Y, Xie W, Li J, Xing T, Jin J. pH-induced non-fouling membrane for effective separation of oil-in-water emulsion. Journal of Membrane Science, 2015, 477: 131–138

[209] Liu D, Zhu J, Qiu M, He C. Antifouling performance of poly(lysine methacrylamide)-grafted PVDF microfiltration membrane for solute separation. Separation and Purification Technology, 2016, 171: 1–10

[210] Yang R, Xu J, Ozaydin-Ince G, Wong S Y, Gleason K K. Surface-tethered zwitterionic ultrathin antifouling coatings on reverse osmosis membranes by initiated chemical vapor deposition. Chemistry of Materials, 2011, 23(5): 1263–1272

[211] Yang R, Gleason K K. Ultrathin antifouling coatings with stable surface zwitterionic functionality by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). Langmuir, 2012, 28(33): 12266–12274

[212] Subramaniam M N, Goh P S, Sevgili E, Karaman M, Lau W J, Ismail A F. Hydroxypropyl methacrylate thin film coating on polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membranes via initiated chemical vapor deposition. European Polymer Journal, 2020, 122: 109360

[213] Li F, Meng J, Ye J, Yang B, Tian Q, Deng C. Surface modification of PES ultrafiltration membrane by polydopamine coating and poly(ethylene glycol) grafting: morphology, stability, and anti-fouling. Desalination, 2014, 344: 422–430

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2023 Higher Education Press