All-inorganic TiO2/Cs2AgBiBr6 composite as highly efficient photocatalyst under visible light irradiation

Jianzhong Ma, Lu Wen, Qianqian Fan, Siying Wei, Xueyun Hu, Fan Yang

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng. ›› 2023, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (12) : 1925-1936.

PDF(5728 KB)
Front. Chem. Sci. Eng. All Journals
PDF(5728 KB)
Front. Chem. Sci. Eng. ›› 2023, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (12) : 1925-1936. DOI: 10.1007/s11705-023-2344-6
RESEARCH ARTICLE
RESEARCH ARTICLE

All-inorganic TiO2/Cs2AgBiBr6 composite as highly efficient photocatalyst under visible light irradiation

Author information +
History +

Abstract

In recent years, limited photocatalysis efficiency and wide band gap have hindered the application of TiO2 in the field of photocatalysis. A leading star in photocatalysis has been revealed as lead-free Cs2AgBiBr6 double halide perovskite nanocrystals, owing to its strong visible light absorption and tunable band gap. In this work, this photocatalytic process was facilitated by a unique TiO2/Cs2AgBiBr6 composite, which was identified as an S-cheme heterojunction. TiO2/Cs2AgBiBr6 composite was investigated for its structure and photocatalytic behavior. The results showed that when the perovskite dosage is 40%, the photocatalytic rate of TiO2 could be boosted to 0.1369 min–1. This paper discusses and proposes the band gap matching, carrier separation, and photocatalytic mechanism of TiO2/Cs2AgBiBr6 composites, which will facilitate the generation of new ideas for improving TiO2’s photocatalytic performance.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Cs2AgBiBr6 nanocrystals / visible-light photocatalyst / Cs2AgBiBr6/TiO2 heterojunction

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Jianzhong Ma, Lu Wen, Qianqian Fan, Siying Wei, Xueyun Hu, Fan Yang. All-inorganic TiO2/Cs2AgBiBr6 composite as highly efficient photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(12): 1925‒1936 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-023-2344-6

1 Stability of soap bubbles

Soap bubbles are small gas pockets enclosed by liquid films in an air environment. They are commonly seen in children’s play and artistic performances. They are also building blocks that constitute foams, which are ubiquitous in our daily life and industrial processes ranging from foods, cosmetics and medicines to mining. Studying the behaviors of bubbles is crucial for these foam manufacturing industrial processes; their varied behaviors also attract the attention of researchers [1,2]. For instance, bubble films tend to minimize their surface area under given boundary conditions; thus, they are representative experimental models of minimal surfaces for verifying complex mathematical problems involving minimal optimization [3,4].
Soap bubbles are thought to be fragile and transient, and their rupture is related to viscous surface tension as well as Marangoni and nuclei effects depending on the composition of the bubble shell and the surrounding environment [1,3]. Without any stabilizers, the bursting of bare bubbles is primarily caused by the gravity-induced drainage of the liquid film, the thickness h of which follows the dynamics [5] h=h0exp(t/τ), where τ is the characteristic time of drainage scaling as η/ρgR, h0 denotes the initial film thickness, η is the liquid viscosity, ρ is the liquid density, and R is the bubble radius, respectively. When the bubble surface is thinned to a critical value, normally on the order of tens of nanometers, long-range van der Waals interactions accelerate the thinning process, and the bursting of bubbles consequently occurs [5]. Increasing the liquid viscosity of the liquid film can prevent film drainage and prolong the lifetime of bubbles [6]. However, bare viscous bubbles are still transient and can only last seconds. By adding surfactants to the bubble shell, surfactant molecules can induce the Marangoni effect on the surface or even immobilize surface boundaries [7], which significantly prevents film drainage and can promote bubble life to minutes. Even so, surfactant-stabilized bubbles eventually rupture due to liquid evaporation and/or the nucleation of holes caused by dust in the surrounding environment. In a dustless, vibration-free environment with saturated vapor atmospheres to suppress the nuclei and to prevent the evaporation of liquid, a bare viscous bubble can reach a lifetime as long as 2 years [5]. However, in a normal environment, overcoming film drainage, evaporation, and nuclei effects and achieving a long bubble lifetime are challenging tasks [8].

2 Particulate interfaces: particle-covered droplets in liquid, particle-covered bubbles in liquid and particle-covered droplets in air

Since Ramsden [9] and Pickering [10] found a century ago that particles are surface reactive and can therefore adsorb onto interfaces, particles have been intensively used as particulate agents to stabilize multiphase interfaces similar to surfactant molecules (Fig.1). For instance, particles can occupy the interface of immiscible liquids, stabilizing either water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions [1115], as shown in Fig.1(a)–(c). These particle-stabilized emulsions are called Pickering emulsions [16], named after S.U. Pickering, who discovered them in 1907 [10]. In addition, particles can absorb on the liquid−air interface and thus serve as stabilizers for air bubbles in liquid, forming particle-covered bubbles in a liquid environment, which are also known as “armored bubbles” [1723] (Fig.1(d–g)). This can also coat liquid droplets in air, forming particle-covered droplets termed “liquid marbles” [2430]. Particles can even hang onto interfaces with ultralow interfacial tensions, such as in the interface of aqueous two-phase systems. The two immiscible aqueous phases are formed by phase separation in an aqueous solution dissolved with polymers, biomolecules and salts [3133]. Recent works have revealed that protein particles [34] and fibrils [35,36] can effectively stabilize aqueous-in-aqueous emulsions.
Fig.1 (a) Schematics of a Pickering emulsion. (b) Asymmetric Janus Pickering emulsions through particle jamming of coalesced emulsions. The scale bar is 500 μm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [15], copyright 2014, Springer Nature. (c) The deformation and stability of Pickering emulsions in an electric field. The scale bar is 300 μm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [11], copyright 2013, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. (d) Schematics of an armored bubble. (e) Optic images of a spherical armored bubble. The scale bar is 400 μm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [18], copyright 2006, American Chemical Society. (f) Two floating armored bubbles do not coalesce due to particle stabilization. The scale bar is 200 μm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [37], copyright 2020 Elsevier. (g) Nonspherical armored bubbles with various shapes [18]. The scale bar is 200 μm. (h) Schematics of a liquid marble. (i) Photographs of liquid marbles encapsulating various chemical solutions. The scale bar is 2 mm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [38], copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. (j) SEM image of a dried polyhedral liquid marble stabilized by hexagonal fluorinated PET plates. The scale bar is 200 μm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [39], copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. (k) Complex particle-stabilized liquid/air surfaces forming a complex structure representing a Chinese dragon symbol. The scale bar is 10 cm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40], copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH.

Full size|PPT slide

The accumulation of particles on the interface is driven by the minimization of the total surface energy of the system [13,41,42]. For instance, the spherical particle straddled at the immiscible interface has an adsorption energy of ΔG=πa2γ(1|cosθ|)2, where a denotes the radius of the colloidal particle, γ indicates the interfacial tension, and θ is the contact angle at the interface [41]. For particles with nonspherical shapes, such as rod-like particles and disk-like particles, the adsorption energies at the fluid surface are even larger than those with spherical particles of the same volume, thereby strengthening their attachment to fluid interfaces [39,41,43]. For most particle-laden interfaces, the adsorption energy of particles is several orders higher than the thermal energy kT, with k and T being the Boltzmann constant and the temperature, respectively. As a result, the adsorption of particles at interfaces is irreversible, which differs from surfactant molecules that constantly adsorb and desorb. More interestingly, Janus particles that have two distinct surface regions with opposite chemical compositions and wetting properties are considerably more effective than homogeneous particles in stabilizing multiphase interfaces [4447].

3 Gas marbles: a recently discovered particle-covered bubble in air

Particulate materials, such as fat globules and protein aggregates, have been applied extensively for stabilizing foams in the food industry [2,41]. Most studies have focused on the collective behaviors of foams against coalescence and flocculation, which are crucial for the quality and shelf life of foam-based food products. In comparison, research on the individual behavior of particle-stabilized bubbles has been inadequate. Recently, a compact monolayer of microparticles has been demonstrated to straddle on air/liquid/air interfaces and stabilize a single bubble, forming a new soft object called a “gas marble” [8,48,49], as shown in Fig.2. A gas marble consists of gas coated by a layer of particles that entrap a liquid thin film exposed to the atmosphere, as shown in Fig.2(a,b). Although the states of their constituent phases are different, the appearance of a gas marble is similar to that of a liquid marble. Importantly, the delimiting particle armor in liquid marble straddles at the single-layer liquid−gas interface, while that in gas marble straddles at the bilayer liquid−gas interfaces, as shown inFig.2(a).
Fig.2 (a) Schematic of a gas marble. Insert illustrating the cross-section of the gas marble shell and the layout of particles on the marble surface. (b) Optical image of a gas marble. The fluorescent picture demonstrates the enlargement of the particle layout. (c) Comparison of mechanical stability among gas marbles, liquid marbles and armored marbles at different sizes of bubbles and drops (Db). Both the critical overpressures (ΔP+) and underpressures (ΔP+) are normalized by capillary pressure (ΔPcap) to make a fair comparison. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [45], copyright 2017, American Physicsal Society.

Full size|PPT slide

Compared to soap bubbles, a gas marble with particle-entrapping liquid film has significantly higher robustness [48]. The mechanical stability of a gas marble can be characterized by measuring the pressure difference ΔP = PbPatm that causes bursting, where Pb and Patm denote the inner pressure of the gas marble and the atmospheric pressure, respectively. There are two scenarios in which a gas marble can rupture: overpressure ΔP+ > 0 when the gas marble undergoes an inflation test, and underpressure Δ P < 0 while a gas marble is in the deflation process. It has been found that particulate bubbles can sustain both overpressures and underpressures with amplitudes ~10 times greater than the Laplace pressure, Δ Pcap = 4γ/Rb (a gas marble has two liquid/air interfaces), which suggests that the particle monolayer at the thin liquid film dramatically improves the stability of bubbles [48]. The outstanding mechanical strength is attributed to the strong cohesive nature of the particle-assembled shell on the bubble surface. More interestingly, the normalized pressures ΔP+Pcap and ΔPPcap of a gas marble are much larger than those of liquid marbles and armored bubbles [23,50], as shown in Fig.2(c). The significant differences in underpressures between gas marbles and liquid marbles come from the capacity of gas marbles to resist fluid loading up to 10 times the Laplace pressure of corresponding bare bubbles, whereas liquid marbles do not possess any strength for such a solicitation mode [48].

4 Gas marbles represent ultra-long-lasting bubbles in the atmospheric environment

Gas marbles are more robust than bubbles, liquid marbles and armored bubbles underwater [48]. Do they have a longer life than bubbles with no particles? A recent work demonstrated that particle-stabilized bubbles can maintain their integrity for more than 1 year in a standard atmosphere [8]. The ultra-long-lasting bubble is a gas marble featuring a particle-entrapping thin film of glycol aqueous solution. Its long life is attributed to the conduction of film drainage, liquid evaporation and gas diffusion, which accounts for the otherwise transient and fragile nature of bare bubbles. First, the particle shell can slow the drainage of the film through wetting forces. These partial-wetting particles adsorb on the two liquid interfaces, forming a monolayer through cohesive attractions. This monolayer traps the liquid by capillarity, makes the liquid passages constricted and tortuous, and thus significantly hinders the overall drainage within the thin film [41]. Second, the particles on the film can reduce the area of the surface across which gas diffuses, thus making the particulate film less permeable to gas than their pure liquid counterparts. The low gas permeability of the film slows the aging of gas marbles since evaporation is inhibited [49]. For instance, a normal water soap bubble (Rb = 3.7 mm) could burst within 1 min because of evaporation. When coated with the particles, the lifetime of a water bubble with an identical radius can be prolonged to 9 min, as shown in Fig.3(a). The phenomenon wherein particulate film reduces evaporation also exists in liquid marbles. It has also been suggested that the higher the surface coverage is, the lower the evaporation rate [51]. Last but not least, to further slow the evaporation and make the bubble longer lasting, a mixture of water and glycerol can be formulated to generate a gas marble (Fig.3). Glycerol has a strong affinity for water molecules due to its rich hydroxyl groups. Thus, the glycerol within the particulate film of bubble can absorb water molecules contained in air, which compensates for water evaporation and enhances bubble stability (Fig.3(a)). In a gas marble, adsorption and evaporation of water can be balanced, and the resultant marble can be further stabilized by optimizing the glycerol mass ratio and relative humidity, as summarized in the phase diagram shown in Fig.3(b) [8].
Fig.3 (a) Morphology and lifetimes of different marbles: soap water bubble, water gas marble and water/glycerol gas marble. The water/glycerol gas marble has the longest lifetime, which maintains its morphology after 9 months. (b) Phase diagram of different regimes of gas marble depending on the initial glycerol mass ratio and the relative humidity. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [8], copyright 2022, American Physical Society.

Full size|PPT slide

5 Perspectives of gas marbles

Recent progress in particle-stabilized bubble with ultra-robustness and ultra-long-lasting life not only extends our understanding of particulate-stabilized interfaces but could also have important implications for applications. Gas marbles can inspire the design and fabrication of novel materials. For instance, highly robust bubbles could inspire new strategies for foam stabilization, which is crucial for developing foam-based materials or products [1,2,23]. By inhibiting the coalescence of foams on the level of a single bubble, well-controlled aerated materials can also be designed. Additionally, particulate-stabilized bubbles with high mechanical strength and long life can be exploited as gas storage materials. By designing the film composition and inhibiting the gas permittivity, valuable or polluted gases can be encapsulated inside the bubbles with insignificant gas diffusion/exchange with the environment.
Gas marbles can also be utilized as a new type of confined microreactor. For instance, we can use gas marbles for miniaturized reactions between interior and exterior gases. By tuning the film composition, we can control the permittivity of gas marbles and explore the reaction dynamics of the two gases. In addition, the thin film of gas marbles can be the confinement where miniaturized liquid/gas reactions with high efficiency take place. The thin film of gas marbles possesses an ultrahigh surface-to-volume ratio: S/V ~1/h, where h is the thickness of the film. With its unique properties, this new soft object, the gas marble, could open new possibilities both for a fundamental understanding of particle-laden interfaces as well as for the development of novel bubble-based materials and novel microreactors.
This is a preview of subscription content, contact us for subscripton.

References

[1]
Reverberi A P, Varbanov P, Vocciante M, Fabiano B. Bismuth oxide-related photocatalysts in green nanotechnology: a critical analysis. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2018, 12(4): 878–892
CrossRef Google scholar
[2]
Yan H, Yang H. TiO2-g-C3N4 composite materials for photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light irradiation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2011, 509(4): 26–29
CrossRef Google scholar
[3]
Yang J, Liu X, Cao H, Shi Y, Xie Y, Xiao J. Dendritic BiVO4 decorated with MnOx co-catalyst as an efficient hierarchical catalyst for photocatalytic ozonation. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2019, 13(1): 185–191
CrossRef Google scholar
[4]
Fujishima A, Honda K. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature, 1972, 238(5358): 37–38
CrossRef Google scholar
[5]
Lu J, Lan L, Liu X T, Wang N, Fan X. Plasmonic Au nanoparticles supported on both sides of TiO2 hollow spheres for maximising photocatalytic activity under visible light. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2019, 13(4): 665–671
CrossRef Google scholar
[6]
Chen C, Xin X, Zhang J, Li G, Zhang Y, Lu H, Gao J, Yang Z, Wang C, He Z. Few-layered MoS2 nanoparticles loaded TiO2 nanosheets with exposed {001} facets for enhanced photocatalytic activity. Nano, 2018, 13(11): 1850129
CrossRef Google scholar
[7]
Tellam J, Zong X, Wang L. Low temperature synthesis of visible light responsive rutile TiO2 nanorods from TiC precursor. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2012, 6(1): 53–57
CrossRef Google scholar
[8]
Wang T, Yue D, Li X, Zhao Y. Lead-free double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6/RGO composite for efficient visible light photocatalytic H2 evolution. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2020, 268: 118399
CrossRef Google scholar
[9]
Feng H J, Deng W, Yang K, Huang J, Zeng X C. Double perovskite Cs2BBiX6 (B = Ag, Cu; X = Br, Cl)/TiO2 heterojunction: an efficient Pb-free perovskite interface for charge extraction. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2017, 121(8): 4471–4480
CrossRef Google scholar
[10]
Fan Q, Biesold-McGee G V, Ma J, Xu Q, Pan S, Peng J, Lin Z. Lead-free halide perovskite nanocrystals: crystal structures, synthesis, stabilities, and optical properties. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2020, 59(3): 1030–1046
CrossRef Google scholar
[11]
Lyu B, Guo X, Gao D, Kou M, Yu Y, Ma J, Chen S, Wang H, Zhang Y, Bao X. Highly-stable tin-based perovskite nanocrystals produced by passivation and coating of gelatin. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 403: 123967
CrossRef Google scholar
[12]
Fan Q, Wei S, Ma J, Zhang W, Wen L. Water-driven boost in the visible light photocatalytic performance of Cs2 AgBiBr6 double perovskite nanocrystals. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2022, 10(28): 14923–14932
CrossRef Google scholar
[13]
Chen J, Ma J, Fan Q, Zhang W. An eco-friendly metal-less tanning process: Zr-based metal organic frameworks as novel chrome-free tanning agent. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023, 382: 135263
CrossRef Google scholar
[14]
He Z, Tang Q, Liu X, Yan X, Li K, Yue D. Lead-free Cs2AgBiBr6 perovskite with enriched surface defects for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Energy & Fuels, 2021, 35(18): 15005–15009
CrossRef Google scholar
[15]
Yang B, Chen J, Yang S, Hong F, Sun L, Han P, Pullerits T, Deng W, Han K. Lead-free silver-bismuth halide double perovskite nanocrystals. Angewandte Chemie, 2018, 130(19): 5457–5461
CrossRef Google scholar
[16]
Nguyen V Q, Mady A H, Mahadadalkar M A, Baynosa M L, Kumar D R, Rabie A M, Lee J, Kim W K, Shim J J. Highly active Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst of anatase TiO2 octahedra covered with C-MoS2 nanosheets for efficient degradation of organic pollutants under solar light. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2022, 606: 337–352
CrossRef Google scholar
[17]
García-Contreras L A, Flores-Flores J O, Arenas-Alatorre J Á, Chávez-Carvayar J Á. Synthesis, characterization and study of the structural change of nanobelts of TiO2 (H2Ti3O7) to nanobelts with anatase, brookite and rutile phases. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2022, 923: 166236
CrossRef Google scholar
[18]
Torane A, Ubale A, Kanade K, Pagare P. Photocatalytic dye degradation study of TiO2 material. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021, 43: 2738–2741
CrossRef Google scholar
[19]
Bai S, Liu H, Sun J, Tian Y, Chen S, Song J, Luo R, Li D, Chen A, Liu C C. Improvement of TiO2 photocatalytic properties under visible light by WO3/TiO2 and MoO3/TiO2 composites. Applied Surface Science, 2015, 338: 61–68
CrossRef Google scholar
[20]
Ni L, Wang T, Wang H, Wang Y. An anaerobic-applicable Bi2MoO6/CuS heterojunction modified photocatalytic membrane for biofouling control in anammox MBRs: generation and contribution of reactive species. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 429: 132457
CrossRef Google scholar
[21]
Huang Y, Kang S, Yang Y, Qin H, Ni Z, Yang S, Li X. Facile synthesis of Bi/Bi2WO6 nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 196: 89–99
CrossRef Google scholar
[22]
Zhang Y, Fu F, Zhou F, Yang X, Zhang D, Chen Y. Synergistic effect of RGO/TiO2 nanosheets with exposed (001) facets for boosting visible light photocatalytic activity. Applied Surface Science, 2020, 510: 145451
CrossRef Google scholar
[23]
Ma Q, Hu X, Liu N, Sharma A, Zhang C, Kawazoe N, Chen G, Yang Y. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/Bi2WO6 photocatalyst film with enhanced efficiency and stability under solar light. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2020, 569: 101–113
CrossRef Google scholar
[24]
Zhang S, Tang F, Liu J, Che W, Su H, Liu W, Huang Y, Jiang Y, Yao T, Liu Q, Wei S. MoS2-coated ZnO nanocomposite as an active heterostructure photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 2017, 137: 104–107
CrossRef Google scholar
[25]
Chen B, Lu W, Xu P, Yao K. Potassium poly(heptazine imide) coupled with Ti3C2 MXene-derived TiO2 as a composite photocatalyst for efficient pollutant degradation. ACS Omega, 2023, 8(12): 11397–11405
CrossRef Google scholar
[26]
Barzegar M H, Sabzehmeidani M M, Ghaedi M, Avargani V M, Moradi Z, Roy V A, Heidari H. S-scheme heterojunction g-C3N4/TiO2 with enhanced photocatalytic activity for degradation of a binary mixture of cationic dyes using solar parabolic trough reactor. Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2021, 174: 307–318
CrossRef Google scholar
[27]
Ruan X, Cui X, Cui Y, Fan X, Li Z, Xie T, Ba K, Jia G, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhang W, Zhao X, Leng J, Jin S, Singh D J, Zheng W. Favorable energy band alignment of TiO2 anatase/rutile heterophase homojunctions yields photocatalytic hydrogen evolution with quantum efficiency exceeding 45.6%. Advanced Energy Materials, 2022, 12(16): 2200298
CrossRef Google scholar
[28]
Hasan J, Li H, Tian G, Qin C. Fabrication of Cr2S3-GO-TiO2 composite with high visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity on degradation of organic dyes. Chemical Physics, 2020, 539: 110950
CrossRef Google scholar
[29]
Wang Y, Lu N, Luo M, Fan L, Zhao K, Qu J, Guan J, Yuan X. Enhancement mechanism of fiddlehead-shaped TiO2-BiVO4 type II heterojunction in SPEC towards RhB degradation and detoxification. Applied Surface Science, 2019, 463: 234–243
CrossRef Google scholar
[30]
Xu D, Ma H. Degradation of rhodamine B in water by ultrasound-assisted TiO2 photocatalysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 313: 127758
CrossRef Google scholar
[31]
Cao X, Zhang L, Guo C, Chen T, Feng C, Liu Z, Qi Y, Wang W, Wang J. Ni-doped CdS porous cubes prepared from prussian blue nanoarchitectonics with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(6): 3752–3761
CrossRef Google scholar
[32]
Zhao W, Zhang J, Zhu F, Mu F, Zhang L, Dai B, Xu J, Zhu A, Sun C, Leung D Y. Study the photocatalytic mechanism of the novel Ag/p-Ag2O/n-BiVO4 plasmonic photocatalyst for the simultaneous removal of BPA and chromium(VI). Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 361: 1352–1362
CrossRef Google scholar
[33]
Hou J, Yang Y, Zhou J, Wang Y, Xu T, Wang Q. Flexible CdS and PbS nanoparticles sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays lead to significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance. Ceramics International, 2020, 46(18): 28785–28791
CrossRef Google scholar
[34]
Mitchell E, Law A, Godin R. Experimental determination of charge carrier dynamics in carbon nitride heterojunctions. Chemical Communications (Cambridge), 2021, 57(13): 1550–1567
CrossRef Google scholar
[35]
Chu S, Hu Y, Zhang J, Cui Z, Shi J, Wang Y, Zou Z. Constructing direct Z-scheme CuO/PI heterojunction for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water under solar driven. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(13): 9064–9076
CrossRef Google scholar
[36]
Karamian E, Sharifnia S. Hydrogen evolution using CdWO4 modified by BiFeO3 in the presence of potassium iodide: a combination of photocatalytic and non-photocatalytic water splitting. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(47): 25717–25729
CrossRef Google scholar
[37]
Zong X, Yan H, Wu G, Ma G, Wen F, Wang L, Li C. Enhancement of photocatalytic H2 evolution on CdS by loading MoS2 as cocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2008, 130(23): 7176–7177
CrossRef Google scholar
[38]
Jang J S, Kim H G, Lee J S. Heterojunction semiconductors: a strategy to develop efficient photocatalytic materials for visible light water splitting. Catalysis Today, 2012, 185(1): 270–277
CrossRef Google scholar
[39]
Chun W J, Ishikawa A, Fujisawa H, Takata T, Kondo J N, Hara M, Kawai M, Matsumoto Y, Domen K. Conduction and valence band positions of Ta2O5, TaON, and Ta3N5 by UPS and electrochemical methods. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2003, 107(8): 1798–1803
CrossRef Google scholar
[40]
Guo F, Shi W, Wang H, Han M, Li H, Huang H, Liu Y, Kang Z. Facile fabrication of a CoO/gC3N4 p-n heterojunction with enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability for tetracycline degradation under visible light. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2017, 7(15): 3325–3331
CrossRef Google scholar
[41]
Pinaud B A, Chen Z, Abram D N, Jaramillo T F. Thin films of sodium birnessite-type MnO2: optical properties, electronic band structure, and solar photoelectrochemistry. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2011, 115(23): 11830–11838
CrossRef Google scholar
[42]
Yang J, Chen D, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Zhu Y. 3D–3D porous Bi2WO6/graphene hydrogel composite with excellent synergistic effect of adsorption-enrichment and photocatalytic degradation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2017, 205: 228–237
CrossRef Google scholar
[43]
Dehghan S, Jafari A J, FarzadKia M, Esrafili A, Kalantary R R. Visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of metalaxyl by reduced graphene oxide/Fe3O4/ZnO ternary nanohybrid: influential factors, mechanism and toxicity bioassay. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry, 2019, 375: 280–292
CrossRef Google scholar
[44]
Luo J, Ning X, Zhan L, Zhou X. Facile construction of a fascinating Z-scheme AgI/Zn3V2O8 photocatalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline under visible light irradiation. Separation and Purification Technology, 2021, 255: 117691
CrossRef Google scholar
[45]
Xu Q, Zhang L, Cheng B, Fan J, Yu J. S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst. Chem, 2020, 6(7): 1543–1559
CrossRef Google scholar
[46]
Mahmoud Idris A, Zheng S, Wu L, Zhou S, Lin H, Chen Z, Xu L, Wang J, Li Z. A heterostructure of halide and oxide double perovskites Cs2AgBiBr6/Sr2FeNbO6 for boosting the charge separation toward high efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction under visible-light irradiation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 446: 137197
CrossRef Google scholar

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52073164, 52103088), and Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi (Program No. 2021TD-16).

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2023 Higher Education Press
AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF(5728 KB)

Accesses

Citations

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/