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Protective effects of lignin fractions obtained from grape seeds against bisphenol AF neurotoxicity via antioxidative effects mediated by the Nrf2 pathway
Bowen Yan, Geng Lu, Rong Wang, Shixiong Kang, Caoxing Huang, Hao Wu, Qiang Yong
Front. Chem. Sci. Eng. ›› 2023, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (7) : 976-989.
Protective effects of lignin fractions obtained from grape seeds against bisphenol AF neurotoxicity via antioxidative effects mediated by the Nrf2 pathway
Lignin exhibits antioxidative and various other biological properties. However, its neuroprotection capability has rarely been studied. In this study, three types of lignin with different structures were prepared from grape seeds by using different isolation techniques. The antioxidative and neuroprotective effects of the lignin fractions were evaluated with the apoptosis model of murine neuroectodermal (NE-4C) neural stem cells stimulated with bisphenol AF. The results demonstrated that the half maximal inhibitory concentration for scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl with water-soluble lignin (L-W, 58.19 μg·mL–1) was lower than those of lignin in the autohydrolyzed residue of grape seeds (84.27 μg·mL–1) and original lignin in grape seeds (99.44 μg·mL–1). BPAF exposure had negative effects on the reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde content, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in NE-4C cells, which can be reversed by using the prepared lignin to reduce oxidative stress. An immunofluorescence assay demonstrated that grape seed lignin induced protective effects on BPAF-injured NE-4C cells via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related Factor 2 pathway. In addition, correlational analyses showed that lignin (L-W) with lower molecular weights and noncondensed phenolic hydroxyl group content and higher contents of COOH groups effectively prevented cell apoptosis, scavenged reactive oxygen species, and ensured protection from nerve injury. This study demonstrated that grape seed lignin can be used as a neuroprotective agent and serves as a demonstration of active lignin production from grape seed waste.
grape seed lignin / structure / antioxidant / NE-4C cells / neuroprotection
Fig.1 (a) Schematics of a Pickering emulsion. (b) Asymmetric Janus Pickering emulsions through particle jamming of coalesced emulsions. The scale bar is 500 μm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [15], copyright 2014, Springer Nature. (c) The deformation and stability of Pickering emulsions in an electric field. The scale bar is 300 μm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [11], copyright 2013, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. (d) Schematics of an armored bubble. (e) Optic images of a spherical armored bubble. The scale bar is 400 μm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [18], copyright 2006, American Chemical Society. (f) Two floating armored bubbles do not coalesce due to particle stabilization. The scale bar is 200 μm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [37], copyright 2020 Elsevier. (g) Nonspherical armored bubbles with various shapes [18]. The scale bar is 200 μm. (h) Schematics of a liquid marble. (i) Photographs of liquid marbles encapsulating various chemical solutions. The scale bar is 2 mm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [38], copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. (j) SEM image of a dried polyhedral liquid marble stabilized by hexagonal fluorinated PET plates. The scale bar is 200 μm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [39], copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. (k) Complex particle-stabilized liquid/air surfaces forming a complex structure representing a Chinese dragon symbol. The scale bar is 10 cm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40], copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. |
Fig.2 (a) Schematic of a gas marble. Insert illustrating the cross-section of the gas marble shell and the layout of particles on the marble surface. (b) Optical image of a gas marble. The fluorescent picture demonstrates the enlargement of the particle layout. (c) Comparison of mechanical stability among gas marbles, liquid marbles and armored marbles at different sizes of bubbles and drops (Db). Both the critical overpressures (ΔP+) and underpressures (ΔP+) are normalized by capillary pressure (ΔPcap) to make a fair comparison. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [45], copyright 2017, American Physicsal Society. |
Fig.3 (a) Morphology and lifetimes of different marbles: soap water bubble, water gas marble and water/glycerol gas marble. The water/glycerol gas marble has the longest lifetime, which maintains its morphology after 9 months. (b) Phase diagram of different regimes of gas marble depending on the initial glycerol mass ratio and the relative humidity. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [8], copyright 2022, American Physical Society. |
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