Sulfonic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica catalyst with different morphology for biodiesel production

Abstract

Sulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous silica based solid acid catalysts with different morphology were designed and fabricated. The synthesized materials were characterized by various physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques like scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, thermogravimetric analysis and n-butylamine acidity. The shape of catalysts particles plays an important role in its activity. The sulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous silica catalysts of spherical shape and the cube shape were assessed for catalytic activity in biodiesel production. The catalytic biodiesel production reaction over the catalysts were studied by esterification of free fatty acid, oleic acid with methanol. The effect of various reaction parameters such as catalyst concentration, acid/alcohol molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction temperature and reaction time on catalytic activity were investigated to optimize the conditions for maximum conversion. It was sulfonated cubic shape mesoporous silica which exhibited better activity as compared to the spherical shape silica catalysts. Additionally, the catalyst was regenerated and reused up to three cycles without any significant loss in activity. The present catalysts exhibit superior performance in biodiesel production and it can be used for the several biodiesel feedstock’s that are rich in free fatty acids.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

solid acid catalyst / mesoporous silica / sulfonic acid / biodiesel / esterification / oleic acid

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Jain University, Bangalore, India, for providing facilities. Varsha P. Brahmkhatri also acknowledges TARE-SERB.TAR/2018/000547. Nanomission project “SR/NM/NS-20/2014” CNMS, JAIN deemed to be University is acknowledged for SEM facility.

Electronic Supplementary Material

ƒSupplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11705-021-2133-z and is accessible for authorized users.

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