Fabrication of N-doped carbon nanobelts from a polypyrrole tube by confined pyrolysis for supercapacitors
Wei Wang, Haijun Lv, Juan Du, Aibing Chen
Fabrication of N-doped carbon nanobelts from a polypyrrole tube by confined pyrolysis for supercapacitors
In this present work, N-doped carbon nanobelts (N-CNBs) were prepared by a confined-pyrolysis approach and the N-CNBs were derived from a polypyrrole (Ppy) tube coated with a compact silica layer. The silica layer provided a confined space for the Ppy pyrolysis, thereby hindering the rapid overflow of pyrolysis gas, which is the activator for the formation of carbonaceous materials. At the same time, the confined environment can activate the carbon shell to create a thin wall and strip the carbon tube into belt morphology. This process of confined pyrolysis realizes self-activation during the pyrolysis of Ppy to obtain the carbon nanobelts without adding any additional activator, which reduces pollution and preparation cost. In addition, this approach is simple to operate and avoids the disadvantages of other methods that consume time and materials. The as-prepared N-CNB shows cross-linked nanobelt morphology and a rich porous structure with a large specific surface area. As supercapacitor electrode materials, the N-CNB can present abundant active sites, and exhibits a specific capacitance of 246 F·g−1, and excellent ability with 95.44% retention after 10000 cycles. This indicates that the N-CNB is an ideal candidate as a supercapacitor electrode material.
carbon nanobelts / polypyrrole / N-doped / confined pyrolysis / supercapacitor
[1] |
Ma F X, Yu L, Xu C Y, Lou X W. Self-supported formation of hierarchical NiCo2O4 tetragonal microtubes with enhanced electrochemical properties. Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, 9(3): 862–866
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[2] |
Ouyang T, Cheng K, Yang F, Zhou L, Zhu K, Ye K, Wang G, Cao D. From biomass with irregular structures to 1D carbon nanobelts: a stripping and cutting strategy to fabricate high performance supercapacitor materials. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2017, 5(28): 14551–14561
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[3] |
Zhai T, Wan L M, Sun S, Chen Q, Sun J, Xia Q Y, Xia H. Phosphate ion functionalized Co3O4 ultrathin nanosheets with greatly improved surface reactivity for high performance pseudocapacitors. Advanced Materials, 2017, 29(7): 1604167.1–1604167.8
|
[4] |
Lin T, Chen I W, Liu F, Yang C, Bi H, Xu F, Huang F. Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon of extraordinary capacitance for electrochemical energy storage. Science, 2015, 350(6267): 1508–1513
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[5] |
Wu D, Li Z, Zhong M, Kowalewski T, Matyjaszewski K. Templated synthesis of nitrogen-enriched nanoporous carbon materials from porogenic organic precursors prepared by ATRP. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2014, 53(15): 3957–3960
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Park W I, Yi G, Kim M Y, Pennycook S J. ZnO nanoneedles grown vertically on Si substrates by non-catalytic vapor-phase epitaxy. Advanced Materials, 2002, 14(24): 1841–1843
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[7] |
Chen D, Ye J H. Selective-synthesis of high-performance single-crystalline Sr2Nb2O7 nanoribbon and SrNb2O6 nanorod photocatalysts. Chemistry of Materials, 2009, 21(11): 2327–2333
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Yang P, Ding Y, Lin Z, Chen Z, Li Y, Qiang P, Ebrahimi M, Mai W, Wong C P, Wang Z L. Low-cost high-performance solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors based on MnO2 nanowires and Fe2O3 nanotubes. Nano Letters, 2014, 14(2): 731–736
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[9] |
Feng X J, Shankar K, Varghese O K, Paulose M, Latempa T J, Grimes C A. Vertically aligned single crystal TiO2 nanowire arrays grown directly on transparent conducting oxide coated glass: synthesis details and applications. Nano Letters, 2008, 8(11): 3781–3786
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[10] |
Yu X, Yang S, Zhang B, Shao D, Dong X, Fang Y, Li Z, Wang H. Controlled synthesis of SnO2@carbon core-shell nanochains as high-performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011, 21(33): 12295–12302
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[11] |
Zou J, Tu W, Zeng S Z, Yao Y, Zhang Q, Wu H, Lan T, Liu S, Zeng X. High-performance supercapacitors based on hierarchically porous carbons with a three-dimensional conductive network structure. Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England), 2019, 48(16): 5271–5284
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[12] |
Su C C, Pei C J, Wu B X, Qian J F, Tan Y W. Highly doped carbon nanobelts with ultrahigh nitrogen content as high-performance supercapacitor materials. Small, 2017, 13(29): 1700834
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Qi X S, Yang Y, Zhong W, Qin C, Deng Y, Au C, Du Y W. Simultaneous synthesis of carbon nanobelts and carbon/Fe-Cu hybrids for microwave absorption. Carbon, 2010, 48(12): 3512–3522
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[14] |
Jiao L Y, Zhang L, Wang X R, Diankov G, Dai H J. Narrow graphene nanoribbons from carbon nanotubes. Nature, 2009, 458(7240): 877–880
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Pachfule P, Shinde D, Majumder M, Xu Q. Fabrication of carbon nanorods and graphene nanoribbons from a metal-organic framework. Nature Chemistry, 2016, 8(7): 718–724
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[16] |
Elías A L, Botello-Méndez A R, Meneses-Rodríguez D, Jehová González V, Ramírez-González D, Ci L J, Muñoz-Sandoval E, Ajayan P M, Terrones H, Terrones M. Longitudinal cutting of pure and doped carbon nanotubes to form graphitic nanoribbons using metal clusters as nanoscalpels. Nano Letters, 2010, 10(2): 366–372
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[17] |
Kosynkin D V, Higginbotham A L, Sinitskii A, Lomeda J R, Dimiev A, Price B K, Tour J M. Longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes to form graphene nanoribbons. Nature, 2009, 458(7240): 872–876
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Cano-Márquez A G, Rodríguez-Macías F J, Campos-Delgado J, Espinosa-González C G, Tristán-López F, Ramírez-González D, Cullen D A, Smith D J, Terrones M, Vega-Cantú Y I. Ex-MWNTs: graphene sheets and ribbons produced by lithium intercalation and exfoliation of carbon nanotubes. Nano Letters, 2009, 9(4): 1527–1533
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[19] |
Zheng C, Zhou X F, Cao H L, Wang G H, Liu Z P. Edge-enriched porous graphene nanoribbons for high energy density supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2014, 2(20): 7484
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Molina-Sabio M, Gonzalez M T, Rodriguez-Reinoso F, Sepúlveda-Escribano A. Effect of steam and carbon dioxide activation in the micropore size distribution of activated carbon. Carbon, 1996, 34(4): 505–509
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[21] |
Fukuyama H, Terai S. Preparing and characterizing the active carbon produced by steam and carbon dioxide as a heavy oil hydrocracking catalyst support. Catalysis Today, 2008, 130(2-4): 382–388
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[22] |
Xu Y, Zhang C L, Zhou M, Fu Q, Zhao C X, Wu M H, Lei Y. Highly nitrogen doped carbon nanofibers with superior rate capability and cyclability for potassium ion batteries. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 1720
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[23] |
Toles C A, Marshall W E, Wartelle L H, McAloon A. Steam- or carbon dioxide-activated carbons from almond shells: physical, chemical and adsorptive properties and estimated cost of production. Bioresource Technology, 2000, 75(3): 197–203
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[24] |
Yang L, Huang T, Jiang X, Jiang W J. Effect of steam and CO2 activation on characteristics and desulfurization performance of pyrolusite modified activated carbon. Adsorption, 2016, 22(8): 1099–1107
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[25] |
Wang Z H, Xiong X Q, Qie L, Huang Y H. High-performance lithium storage in nitrogen-enriched carbon nanofiber webs derived from polypyrrole. Electrochimica Acta, 2013, 106: 320–326
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[26] |
Guo F M, Xu R Q, Cui X, Zhang L, Wang K L, Yao Y W, Wei J Q. High performance of stretchable carbon nanotube-polypyrrole fiber supercapacitors under dynamic deformation and temperature variation. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2016, 4(23): 9311–9318
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[27] |
Cheng P, Li T, Yu H, Zhi L, Liu Z H, Lei Z B. Biomass-derived carbon fiber aerogel as binder-free electrode for high-rate supercapacitor. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2016, 120(4): 2079–2086
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[28] |
Chen L F, Huang Z H, Liang H W, Gao H L, Yu S H. Three-dimensional heteroatom-doped carbon nanofiber networks derived from bacterial cellulose for supercapacitors. Advanced Functional Materials, 2014, 24(32): 5104–5111
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[29] |
Wu Q, Xu Y X, Yao Z Y, Liu A R, Shi G Q. Supercapacitors based on flexible graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composite films. ACS Nano, 2010, 4(4): 1963–1970
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Ren J, Li L, Chen C, Chen X L, Cai Z B, Qiu L B, Wang Y G, Zhu X R, Peng H S. Twisting carbon nanotube fibers for both wire-shaped micro-supercapacitor and micro-battery. Advanced Materials, 2013, 25(8): 1155–1159
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[31] |
Liu H J, Wang X M, Cui W J, Dou Y Q, Zhao D Y, Xia Y Y. Highly ordered mesoporous carbon nanofiber arrays from a crab shell biological template and its application in supercapacitors and fuel cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2010, 20(20): 4223–4230
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[32] |
Tai Z X, Yan X B, Lang J W, Xue Q J. Enhancement of capacitance performance of flexible carbon nanofiber paper by adding graphene nanosheets. Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 199: 373–378
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[33] |
Islam M S, Deng Y, Tong L, Faisal S N, Roy A K, Minett A I, Gomes V G. Grafting carbon nanotubes directly onto carbon fibers for superior mechanical stability: towards next generation aerospace composites and energy storage applications. Carbon, 2016, 96: 701–710
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[34] |
Du F, Yu D, Dai L, Ganguli S, Varshney V, Roy A K. Preparation of tunable 3D pillared carbon nanotube-graphene networks for high-performance capacitance. Chemistry of Materials, 2011, 23(21): 4810–4816
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[35] |
Yan Z, Ma L L, Zhu Y, Lahiri I, Hahm M G, Liu Z, Yang S B, Xiang C S, Lu W, Peng Z W, Sun Z, Kittrell C, Lou J, Choi W, Ajayan P M, Tour J M. Three-dimensional metal-graphene-nanotube multifunctional hybrid materials. ACS Nano, 2013, 7(1): 58–64
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[36] |
Perera S D, Patel B, Nijem N, Roodenko K, Seitz O, Ferraris J P, Chabal Y J, Jr Balkus K J. Vanadium oxide nanowire-carbon nanotube binder-free flexible electrodes for supercapacitors. Advanced Energy Materials, 2011, 1(5): 1–10
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[37] |
Subramanian V, Luo C, Stephan A M, Nahm K S, Thomas S, Wei B. Supercapacitors from activated carbon derived from banana fibers. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2007, 111(20): 7527–7531
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[38] |
Barranco V, Lillo Rodenas M A, Linares Solano A, Oya A, Pico F, Ibanez J, Agullo-Rueda F, Amarilla J M, Rojo J M. Amorphous carbon nanofibers and their activated carbon nanofibers as supercapacitor electrodes. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2010, 114(22): 10302–10307
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[39] |
Ra E J, Raymundo-Piñero E, Lee Y H, Béguin F. High power supercapacitors using polyacrylonitrile-based carbon nanofiber paper. Carbon, 2009, 47(13): 2984–2992
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[40] |
Xing W, Qiao S Z, Ding R G, Li F, Lu G Q, Yan Z F, Cheng H M. Superior electric double layer capacitors using ordered mesoporous carbons. Carbon, 2006, 44(2): 216–224
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[41] |
Mao B S, Wen Z, Bo Z, Chang J, Huang X, Chen J. Hierarchical nanohybrids with porous CNT-networks decorated crumpled graphene balls for supercapacitors. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014, 6(12): 9881–9889
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[42] |
Guo H L, Gao Q M. Boron and nitrogen co-doped porous carbon and its enhanced properties as supercapacitor. Journal of Power Sources, 2009, 186(2): 551–556
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[43] |
Chen P, Yang J J, Li S S, Wang Z, Xiao T Y, Qian Y H, Yu S H. Hydrothermal synthesis of macroscopic nitrogen-doped graphene hydrogels for ultrafast supercapacitor. Nano Energy, 2013, 2(2): 249–256
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[44] |
Razaq A, Nyholm L, Sjödin M, Strømme M, Mihranyan A. Paper-based energy-storage devices comprising carbon fiber-reinforced polypyrrole-cladophora nanocellulose composite electrodes. Advanced Energy Materials, 2012, 2(4): 445–454
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[45] |
Lei Z B, Zhang J T, Zhao X S. Ultrathin MnO2 nanofibers grown on graphitic carbon spheres as high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor electrodes. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011, 22(1): 153–160
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[46] |
Burke A R. R&D considerations for the performance and application of electrochemical capacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 2007, 53(3): 1083–1091
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[47] |
Chang X, Ma Y, Yang M, Xing T, Tang L, Chen T, Guo Q, Zhu X, Liu J, Xia H. In-situ solid-state growth of N, S codoped carbon nanotubes encapsulating metal sulfides for high-efficient-stable sodium ion storage. Energy Storage Materials, 2019, 23: 358–366
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
/
〈 | 〉 |